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Vertebral Column, Spinal Cord & Nerves George Salter, PH
Vertebral Column, Spinal Cord & Nerves George Salter, PH.D Dental and Optometry--2009
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The nervous system consists of the CNS- brain and spinal cord &
The PNS which is = to everything else Lumbar Plexus
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Body Pedicle Lamina Processes: Transverse (2) Articular (4)
Spinous (1) Pedicle Lamina
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Boundaries of vertebral foramen
Lamina
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Spina Bifida
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Typical intervertebral joints 3 between adjacent vertebrae
2 facet joints 1 symphysis (disc) 3 between adjacent vertebrae Superior articular process Facet joint (zygapophysis) Intervertebral disc Inferior articular process Intervertebral foramen
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CERVICAL VERTEBRAE Transverse Process: With Foramen & Tubercles Bifid Spinous Process
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Uncinate Process
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Of Luschka -
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Ligaments Ligamentum Flavum
Interspinous & Supraspinous & Ligamentum Nuchae Anterior Longitudinal Posterior Longitudinal Atlanto-occipital
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supraspinous ligament
Interspinous Lig supraspinous ligament Ligamentum Flavum
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nuchal ligament C7
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Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL) Posterior (PLL)
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PLL Pedicle
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AOM PAO LIG. FLAVUM ALL
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SPINAL CORD & NERVES
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31 PAIR OF SPINAL NERVES: 8 CERVICAL; 12 THORACIC 5 LUMBAR 5 SACRAL
1 COCCYGEAL Spinal cord segment definintion Spinal Cord segments correspond to vertebral column segments
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Lumbosacral enlargement (cord segments L2 – S3)
1st cervical n. (C1) exits above C1 vertebra Base of skull Cervical enlargement (cord segments C4 – T1) 8th cervical n. exits below C7 vertebra Cervical nerves Thoracic nerves Thoracic nerves Lumbar nerves Sacral & coccygeal nerves Lumbosacral enlargement (cord segments L2 – S3) Conus medullaris (termination of cord) 1. The spinal cord extends from the f. magnum at the base of the skull (where it is continuous w/the medulla of the brain) to the LV1/LV2 level. 2. There are 31 prs. of spinal nerves (8C., 12T,5L,5S, & 1Co). The part of the cord to which a pair of spinal nerves attaches is a spinal cord segment (hence there are also 31 spinal cord segments). 3. CN1-CN7 emerge superior to their respective vertebrae (ie, CN1 exits above CV1 and below skull). CN8 emerges between C7 & T1 vertebrae. Beginning w/T1 spinal nerve, spinal nerves emerge inferior to their respective vertebrae. 4. Since the cord ends at LV1/LV2, the roots of the spinal nerves become increasingly longer and more oblique as they descend to exit their respective foramina. Hence the formation of the cauda equina. 5. The spinal cord shows two enlargements (cervical and lumbosacral) for the origin of the nerves innervating the upper and lower limbs. 6. The tapered terminal part of the spinal cord is the conus medullaris. Distal to the conus the cord is prolonged as a nonnervous strand of tissue (pia mater) termed the internal filum terminale. 7. Also note that the dural sac surrounding the cord ends at SV2. Cauda equina Internal filum terminale of pia mater Termination of dural sac
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Spinal Cord is shorter than
vertebral column
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The nervous system consists of the CNS- brain and spinal cord &
The PNS which is = to everything else Lumbar Plexus
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Additional terms: Cutaneous Brs. & sympathetic trunk & its communicating branches (rami communicantes)
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Boundaries of intervertebral foramen
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MENINGES: Dura Mater Arachnoid Mater Pia Mater
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Dura Mater Arachnoid Mater and Pia Mater Dura Mater=Pachymenix Arachnoid and Pia =Leptomeninges
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“MENINGEAL SPACES” Epidural---between vertebra and dura mater and contains fat and epidural (internal) vertebral plexus Subdural---only a potential space Subarachnoid---contains a web-like connective tissue plexus AND cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) plus vessels and spinal nerve rootlets
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Subarachnoid Subdural & Epidural SPACES
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Spinal Cord ends at one level & meninges at another
1st cervical n. (C1) exits above C1 vertebra Base of skull Cervical enlargement (cord segments C4 – T1) 8th cervical n. exits below C7 vertebra Cervical nerves Thoracic nerves Thoracic nerves Lumbar nerves Sacral & coccygeal nerves Lumbosacral enlargement (cord segments L2 – S3) Conus medullaris (termination of cord) 1. The spinal cord extends from the f. magnum at the base of the skull (where it is continuous w/the medulla of the brain) to the LV1/LV2 level. 2. There are 31 prs. of spinal nerves (8C., 12T,5L,5S, & 1Co). The part of the cord to which a pair of spinal nerves attaches is a spinal cord segment (hence there are also 31 spinal cord segments). 3. CN1-CN7 emerge superior to their respective vertebrae (ie, CN1 exits above CV1 and below skull). CN8 emerges between C7 & T1 vertebrae. Beginning w/T1 spinal nerve, spinal nerves emerge inferior to their respective vertebrae. 4. Since the cord ends at LV1/LV2, the roots of the spinal nerves become increasingly longer and more oblique as they descend to exit their respective foramina. Hence the formation of the cauda equina. 5. The spinal cord shows two enlargements (cervical and lumbosacral) for the origin of the nerves innervating the upper and lower limbs. 6. The tapered terminal part of the spinal cord is the conus medullaris. Distal to the conus the cord is prolonged as a nonnervous strand of tissue (pia mater) termed the internal filum terminale. 7. Also note that the dural sac surrounding the cord ends at SV2. Cauda equina Internal filum terminale of pia mater Spinal Cord ends at one level & meninges at another Termination of dural sac
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WHAT ELSE PASSES THROUGH INTER- VERTEBRAL FORAMEN?
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Intervertebral discs
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Position of Spinal nerve in interver- tebral foramen
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DERMATOME- STRIP OF SKIN SUPPLIED BY A PAIR OF DORSAL ROOTS
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S1
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A Typical Spinal Nerve
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FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS OF SPINAL NERVES
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All Spinal nerves have ______ functional components. All are general
All Spinal nerves have ______ functional components? All are general. When talking about the cranial nerves and their functional components, one has to take all the possible spinal nerve functional components and add the possibility of three more. NOW REMEMBER, all spinal nerves have both sensory and motor fibers in them, but some of the cranial nerves are, indeed mixed, but some are totally sensory and some totally motor. The additional 3 functional components are designated special instead of general.
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Back Muscles Superficial: Trapezius
Latissimus Dorsi, Levator Scapulae, Rhomboids, Serratus Muscles Native (or Deep) : Splenius Erector Spinae Transversospinalis Other: interspinalis, intertransversarium, levator costarum, suboccipital muscles
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VA
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Greater Occipital Nerve
Suboccipital Nerve
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VA
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THE END
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