1. Wednesday, June 20, 2007PHYS 1443-001, Summer 2007 Dr. Jaehoon Yu 1 PHYS 1443 – Section 001 Lecture #12 Wednesday, June 20, 2007 Dr. Jaehoon Yu Impulse and Linear Momentum Change Collisions Two Dimensional Collisions Center of Mass CM and the Center of Gravity Remember the quiz tomorrow in class!!

2. Wednesday, June 20, 2007PHYS 1443-001, Summer 2007 Dr. Jaehoon Yu 2 Collisions Consider a case of a collision between a proton on a helium ion. The collisions of these ions never involve physical contact because the electromagnetic repulsive force between these two become great as they get closer causing a collision. Generalized collisions must cover not only the physical contact but also the collisions without physical contact such as that of electromagnetic ones in a microscopic scale. t F F 12 F 21 Assuming no external forces, the force exerted on particle 1 by particle 2, F 21, changes the momentum of particle 1 by Likewise for particle 2 by particle 1 Using Newton’s 3 rd law we obtain So the momentum change of the system in the collision is 0, and the momentum is conserved

3. Wednesday, June 20, 2007PHYS 1443-001, Summer 2007 Dr. Jaehoon Yu 3 Elastic and Inelastic Collisions Collisions are classified as elastic or inelastic based on whether the kinetic energy is conserved, meaning whether it is the same before and after the collisions. A collision in which the total kinetic energy and momentum are the same before and after the collision. Momentum is conserved in any collisions as long as external forces are negligible. Elastic Collision Two types of inelastic collisions:Perfectly inelastic and inelastic Perfectly Inelastic: Two objects stick together after the collision, moving together at a certain velocity. Inelastic: Colliding objects do not stick together after the collision but some kinetic energy is lost. Inelastic Collision A collision in which the total kinetic energy is not the same before and after the collision, but momentum is. Note: Momentum is constant in all collisions but kinetic energy is only in elastic collisions.

4. Wednesday, June 20, 2007PHYS 1443-001, Summer 2007 Dr. Jaehoon Yu 4 Elastic and Perfectly Inelastic Collisions In perfectly Inelastic collisions, the objects stick together after the collision, moving together. Momentum is conserved in this collision, so the final velocity of the stuck system is How about elastic collisions? In elastic collisions, both the momentum and the kinetic energy are conserved. Therefore, the final speeds in an elastic collision can be obtained in terms of initial speeds as From momentum conservation above What happens when the two masses are the same?

5. Wednesday, June 20, 2007PHYS 1443-001, Summer 2007 Dr. Jaehoon Yu 5 Example for Collisions A car of mass 1800kg stopped at a traffic light is rear-ended by a 900kg car, and the two become entangled. If the lighter car was moving at 20.0m/s before the collision what is the velocity of the entangled cars after the collision? The momenta before and after the collision are What can we learn from these equations on the direction and magnitude of the velocity before and after the collision? m1m1 20.0m/s m2m2 vfvf m1m1 m2m2 Since momentum of the system must be conserved The cars are moving in the same direction as the lighter car’s original direction to conserve momentum. The magnitude is inversely proportional to its own mass. Before collision After collision

6. Wednesday, June 20, 2007PHYS 1443-001, Summer 2007 Dr. Jaehoon Yu 6 Two dimensional Collisions In two dimension, one needs to use components of momentum and apply momentum conservation to solve physical problems. m2m2 m1m1 v 1i m1m1 v 1f  m2m2 v 2f  Consider a system of two particle collisions and scattersin two dimension as shown in the picture. (This is the case at fixed target accelerator experiments.) The momentum conservation tells us: And for the elastic collisions, the kinetic energy is conserved: What do you think we can learn from these relationships? x-comp. y-comp.

7. Wednesday, June 20, 2007PHYS 1443-001, Summer 2007 Dr. Jaehoon Yu 7 Example for Two Dimensional Collisions Proton #1 with a speed 3.50x10 5 m/s collides elastically with proton #2 initially at rest. After the collision, proton #1 moves at an angle of 37 o to the horizontal axis and proton #2 deflects at an angle  to the same axis. Find the final speeds of the two protons and the scattering angle of proton #2, .. Since both the particles are protons m 1 =m 2 =m p. Using momentum conservation, one obtains m2m2 m1m1 v 1i m1m1 v 1f  m2m2 v 2f  Canceling mp mp and put in all known quantities, one obtains From kinetic energy conservation: Solving Eqs. 1-3 equations, one gets Do this at home x-comp. y-comp.

8. Wednesday, June 20, 2007PHYS 1443-001, Summer 2007 Dr. Jaehoon Yu 8 Center of Mass We’ve been solving physical problems treating objects as sizeless points with masses, but in realistic situation objects have shapes with masses distributed throughout the body. Center of mass of a system is the average position of the system’s mass and represents the motion of the system as if all the mass is on the point. Consider a massless rod with two balls attached at either end. The total external force exerted on the system of total mass M causes the center of mass to move at an acceleration given by as if all the mass of the system is concentrated on the center of mass. What does above statement tell you concerning forces being exerted on the system? m1m1 m2m2 x1x1 x2x2 The position of the center of mass of this system is the mass averaged position of the system x CM CM is closer to the heavier object

9. Wednesday, June 20, 2007PHYS 1443-001, Summer 2007 Dr. Jaehoon Yu 9 Motion of a Diver and the Center of Mass Diver performs a simple dive. The motion of the center of mass follows a parabola since it is a projectile motion. Diver performs a complicated dive. The motion of the center of mass still follows the same parabola since it still is a projectile motion. The motion of the center of mass of the diver is always the same.

10. Wednesday, June 20, 2007PHYS 1443-001, Summer 2007 Dr. Jaehoon Yu 10 Example 9-12 Thee people of roughly equivalent mass M on a lightweight (air-filled) banana boat sit along the x axis at positions x 1 =1.0m, x 2 =5.0m, and x 3 =6.0m. Find the position of CM. Using the formula for CM

11. Wednesday, June 20, 2007PHYS 1443-001, Summer 2007 Dr. Jaehoon Yu 11 Center of Mass of a Rigid Object The formula for CM can be expanded to Rigid Object or a system of many particles A rigid body – an object with shape and size with mass spread throughout the body, ordinary objects – can be considered as a group of particles with mass mi mi densely spread throughout the given shape of the object The position vector of the center of mass of a many particle system is mimi riri r CM

12. Wednesday, June 20, 2007PHYS 1443-001, Summer 2007 Dr. Jaehoon Yu 12 Example for Center of Mass in 2-D A system consists of three particles as shown in the figure. Find the position of the center of mass of this system. Using the formula for CM for each position vector component One obtains If m1m1 y=2 (0,2) m2m2 x=1 (1,0) m3m3 x=2 (2,0) (0.75,4) r CM

13. Wednesday, June 20, 2007PHYS 1443-001, Summer 2007 Dr. Jaehoon Yu 13 Example of Center of Mass; Rigid Body The formula for CM of a continuous object is Therefore L x dx dm= dx Since the density of the rod ( ) is constant; Show that the center of mass of a rod of mass M and length L lies in midway between its ends, assuming the rod has a uniform mass per unit length. Find the CM when the density of the rod non-uniform but varies linearly as a function of x,  x The mass of a small segment

14. Wednesday, June 20, 2007PHYS 1443-001, Summer 2007 Dr. Jaehoon Yu 14 The net effect of these small gravitational forces is equivalent to a single force acting on a point (Center of Gravity) with mass M. Center of Mass and Center of Gravity The center of mass of any symmetric object lies on an axis of symmetry and on any plane of symmetry, if object’s mass is evenly distributed throughout the body. Center of Gravity How do you think you can determine the CM of objects that are not symmetric? mimi CM Axis of symmetry One can use gravity to locate CM. 1.Hang the object by one point and draw a vertical line following a plum-bob. 2.Hang the object by another point and do the same. 3.The point where the two lines meet is the CM. migmig Since a rigid object can be considered as a collection of small masses, one can see the total gravitational force exerted on the object as What does this equation tell you? The CoG is the point in an object as if all the gravitational force is acting on!

15. Wednesday, June 20, 2007PHYS 1443-001, Summer 2007 Dr. Jaehoon Yu 15 Motion of a Group of Particles We’ve learned that the CM of a system can represent the motion of a system. Therefore, for an isolated system of many particles in which the total mass M is preserved, the velocity, total momentum, acceleration of the system are Velocity of the system Total Momentum of the system Acceleration of the system External force exerting on the system If net external force is 0 System’s momentum is conserved. What about the internal forces?