1. The Constitution: Articles IV-VII (4-7)

2. Article IV (4) Concerns the States
All states will honor the laws of other states.
Examples:
If you get married in one state you are considered married in another.
Convicted of a crime in one state you are still guilty in another, etc.
Citizens in each state are treated equally.
Criminals must be returned if they flee to another state.
New states can be admitted (with some qualifications)
Ensures a republican government for all states.
Ensures the government will protect the states against foreign or domestic invasions & revolutions

3. Article V (5)
Concerns Amending the Constitution (adding things to the Constitution or changing things).
Proposed by 2/3rds of both houses or by a national convention.
3/4ths of the states must agree.
Examples (banning alcohol, allowing women to vote, giving slaves freedom).

4. Article VI (6) Concerns the United States itself
Government will assume all debts entered into by the U.S. under the Articles of Confederation.
Says the Constitution & all treaties of the U.S. are the supreme law of the country.
Requires all officers of the U.S. to swear an oath of allegiance to the U.S. & the Constitution when taking office.

5. Article VII (7)
Details the method for ratification of the Constitution (making the Constitution law).
Nine of the thirteen states had to accept it before it could go into effect.
This would lead to problems!

6. Constitutional Clauses

7. Supremacy Clause Article VI Section 2
The Federal Law (US Constitution) is above all State Law
States cannot make laws that conflict with US law

8. Necessary & Proper Clause AKA: Elastic Clause
Article I Section 8 Clause 18
Gives Congress the power to make all laws necessary to carry out their expressed powers
Ex. Congress can print paper money
This is the foundation for all implied powers of Congress

9. Full Faith & Credit Clause
Article IV Section 1
States must recognize the public acts, records & judicial proceedings of every other state
Ex. Birth certificates & marriage licenses are recognized in all 50 states

10. Establishment Clause Part of the First Amendment – Freedom of religion
Declares that a state cannot establish a religion
This is the foundation for the separation of church & state

11. Free Exercise Clause Part of the First Amendment – Freedom of Religion
Declares that we have the freedom of choice when it comes to religious matters

12. Equal Protection Clause
Found within the 14th Amendment
Forbids a State or any local government from discriminating against a person

13. The Amendment Process

14. The US Constitution IS & IS NOT the same document written in 1787
Some Words have been eliminated, some have been added.
Explain how the document has changed from Have students open up their book to look at words crossed out. Ask “why is it different? How has it changed?”

15. Keys to help To amend means to change To propose means to suggest
Federal Gov't will always propose
To ratify means to approve or pass
2/3 will always apply to the Federal Gov't
¾ will always apply to the states
States will always ratify
By having the federal government propose & the states ratify, what basic principle of the constitution is at work?

16. FORMAL Amendment PROCESS
In Article V of the Constitution
Two Methods of Ratification
First-- Proposed by 2/3 of Congress/Ratified by ¾ of State Legislatures
26 of 27 Amendments adopted this way
Make sure to tell students that the first is most important! Make sure they star or highlight it.

17. Proposed by 2/3 of Congress Ratified by ¾ of Special State Conventions
Second
Proposed by 2/3 of Congress
Ratified by ¾ of Special State Conventions
21st Amendment adopted this way (Repealing Prohibition)
Explain briefly what prohibition was.

18. PROPOSED AMENDMENTS
Congress does not present a proposed Amendment to the President for his signature or veto.
If congress presented proposed amendments to the president for veto, how many proposed amendments do you think he would have. Think about the process, why is that important?

19. Proposed Amendments Continued
States can change their minds if they first reject an Amendment (not the opposite)
33 Made it to the states
10,000 Amendments proposed in Congress.
Only 27 finally ratified
Congress can set deadlines for the ratification time allowed
Explain in detail how states can change their mind only if they reject it first, not after they accept & then reject. No half-sies.
Why would congress set deadlines for ratification time allowed?

20. CONSTITUTIONAL BREAKDOWN REVIEW
Preamble: States the purpose
Article I: Legislative Power – Congress
Elastic Clause, Also known as ?
Free Exercise Clause
Establishment Clause
Article II: Executive Power - President
Article III: Judicial Power – Courts
Article IV: Relations between the states
Article V: The Amendment Process
Tell students story about National Archives this summer – Security Guard

21. CONSTITUTIONAL BREAKDOWN
Article VI: General Provisions, Supremacy of the Constitution
Article VII: Ratification Process
Bill of Rights: First 10 Amendments in Constitution
Have students refresh my memory with the bill of rights

22. As a refresher… How many methods of Ratification are there?
What percentage is needed for an Amendment to be proposed?
What percentage is needed for ratification?
How many amendments do we currently have today?
How many are in usage today?

23. HOMEWORK
Learning about the amendments helps you understand your freedom's.
Your homework tonight is to think about the amendments we have learned about & describe by writing an Amendment that you would add to the Constitution.
What do you think is missing in this great country?
What impact would the Amendment have on society & our lives?
Please be school appropriate 

24. Government Leaders

25. Senate Leaders Job Name President of the Senate VP Joe Biden
President Pro Tempore
Patrick Leahy (D, VT)
Majority Leader
Harry Reid (D, NV)
Majority Whip
Richard Durban (D, IL)
Minority Leader
Mitch McConnell (R, KY)
Minority Whip
John Cornyn (R, TX)
NC Senator
Richard Burr (R)
Kay Hagen (D)

26. House Leaders Job Name Speaker of the House John Boehner (R, OH)
Majority Leader
Eric Cantor (R, VA)
Majority Whip
Kevin McCarthy(R, CA)
Minority Leader
Nancy Pelosi (D,CA)
Minority Whip
Steny Hoyer (D, MD)
NC Representative
Robert Pittenger (R, NC)

27. Amendments 11-27

28. Bill of Rights First 10 amendments Rapps Bare arms Quartering troops
Search & seizure
Self incrimination, eminent domain
Legal proceedings
Jury in civil cases
Cruel & unusual punishment
Unenumerated rights
States rights

29. 11th Amendment: Ratified in 1798
Places limits on an individual to sue the states

30. 12th Amendment Ratified in 1804
Requires electors to the electoral college to cast a separate ballot for president & vice president

31. 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments
Known as the Civil War/ Reconstruction Amendments
13th was ratified in 1865
No “involuntary servitude (abolished slavery)
14th was ratified in 1868
Defines citizens as “native Born Persons.” Extends the bill of rights & “EQUAL PROTECTION” to all citizens
15th was ratified in 1870
African American males granted the right to vote

32. 16th Amendment Ratified in 1913
Grants the federal government the right to tax Income
Remember that income tax is the #1 source of revenue for the federal government.

33. 17th Amendment Ratified in 1913
Direct election of senators by the people
Before the 17th Amendment, state legislatures appointed them

34. 18th Amendment Ratified in 1919 Also known as “Prohibition”
Made illegal the manufacture, sale & transport of alcohol

35. 19th Amendment Ratified in 1920 Women’s Suffrage
Suffrage=right to vote

36. 20th Amendment Ratified in 1933
Sets when congressional terms begin & end
Also says that if the president elect dies before he takes office, the vice president would take office

37. 21st Amendment Ratified in 1933 Ended Prohibition
What was prohibition? What Amendment was it?
What is the only way to “get rid of” an Amendment?

38. 22nd Amendment Ratified in 1951
Sets presidential term limits. A president can serve two four-year terms or a max of 10 years total.
If the vice president takes office, he/she can total ten years as president.

39. 23rd Amendment Ratified in 1961
District of Columbia gets three electoral votes

40. 24th Amendment Ratified in 1964
Outlawed the poll tax & other voting restrictions
Poll tax- Tax paid at the voting booth
Literacy tests- A nearly impossible test
Grandfather Clause- If your grandfather could vote, you can
Each of these were used to limit the voting rights of African Americans

41. 25th Amendment Ratified in 1967 Presidential succession President
Vice president
Speaker of the house
President Pro-tempore of the senate

42. 26th Amendment Ratified in 1971
Sets the minimum voting age at no more than 18
(can be less that 18, but not more)

43. 27th Amendment Ratified in 1992
Established that congress cannot grant itself any pay raises unless it comes after the next congressional election.

44. FEDERALISM
The Division of Power

45. WHY FEDERALISM?
I. Try to create a Central government that is strong enough to meet the Nation’s needs.
II. However, it had to preserve the strength of the existing states
III. The fear of the people was that a strong government would trample the people & abuse their rights.

46. Bill of Rights Review: 10th Amendment
Undelegated Powers reserved for the States
The governmental powers not listed in the Constitution for the national government are powers that the states, or the people of those states, can have.
The 10th Amendment sets up the basic principle of Federalism

47. POWERS OF THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT
DELEGATED POWERS
National government only has powers that it was given in the Constitution.
2 types of Delegated Powers
Expressed Powers (Enumerated): physically written out in the Constitution
Implied Powers: Not expressly written in the constitution
(NECESSARY & PROPER CLAUSE)

48. Powers given to the Federal Government
Exclusive Powers: (Also known as Enumerated or Delegated)
Powers given only to the National Government
These are things that would concern the entire country
Examples: National Defense, Foreign Affairs, Coining of $
**What are the 2 types of delegated powers?

49. Powers Reserved to the States
1. Reserved Powers:
These powers are given to the states because they are not listed in the federal constitution for the federal government
Examples: marriage laws, alcohol laws, education

50. Powers Shared by both Governments
Concurrent Powers: Powers that are shared between the federal & state governments.
Examples: Building Roads, Taxes, Court System
Intergovernmental Revenue: When the federal government gives money to help fund a state run program, like education (no child left behind)

51. Delegated Powers Reserved Powers
Court System
Defense Borrowing $ Education
Foreign Affairs Taxes Local Gov’t
National Concern Building roads State Elections
Coining Money Police
Concurrent
Powers

53. Some terms to Remember…
Commutation: reduction in severity of a legal punishment
Pardon: official release of someone who has committed a crime or wrongdoing from punishment
Writ of Habeas Corpus: LAW – A court order requiring police to bring a prisoner to court to explain why they are holding the person
Bill of Attainder: Laws that punish a person without a jury trial
Ex post Facto: (After the Fact) Laws that punish a person for something after the law has been passed