1. DNA GLE: 0707.4.3 Explain the relationship among genes, chromosomes, and inherited traits. 0707.4.4 Investigate the relationship among DNA, genes, and chromosomes.

2. WHAT YOU’LL LEARN Identify the parts of a DNA molecule and its structure. Explain how DNA copies itself. Describe the structure and function of each kind of RNA

3. WHY IT’S IMPORTANT! DNA helps determine nearly everything your body is and does.

4. I. What is DNA? 1. DNA code that is stored in a cells hereditary material. a chemical called deoxyribonucleic acid. Contains information for an organism’s growth and function. After a cell divides, the exact DNA is __________ and ____________to new cells.

5. A. Discovering DNA 1. Since mid-1800s-scientists knew about nuclei of cells contain large molecules called nucleic acids. 2. By 1950, chemists learned what the nucleic acid DNA was made of. B. DNA’s Structure 1.Scientist-Rosalind Franklin-discovered - DNA is two chains of molecules in a spiral form 2.Similar to a twisted ladder

6. C. DNA Model 1. What does it look like? -According to Watson and Crick DNA model: a. Each side of the ladder -sugar-phosphate molecules ( sugar is deoxyribose & phosphate group). b. Each rung – Nitrogen base c. DNA has four kinds of nitrogen bases: *adenine, thymine (both always equal each other in amounts) guanine, cytosine (both always equal each other in amounts)

7. Reading Check: What are the nitrogen base pairs in a DNA model?  Copying DNA Before mitosis/meiosis- the amt of DNA in the nucleus is doubled Two sides of DNA unwind and separate The new and old DNA bases are identical and in same order. View Brainpop - DNA http:// www.brainpop.com /science/ cellularlifeandgenetics/dna/ http:// www.brainpop.com /science/ cellularlifeandgenetics/dna/

8. II. Genes 1. Different kinds of proteins – determine color of hair, height, and how things taste. 2. Protein-builds cells and tissues or work as enzymes. 3. The instructions for making a specific proteins are found in the genes (section of DNA on a chromosomes.) 4. Proteins – made of chains of hundreds or thousands of amino acids. 5. Changing the order of amino acids-makes different protein.

9. TB p. 190 See figure 16 – Diagram shows just a few of the genes that have been identified on human chromosomes 7. What might occur if an important protein couldn’t be made or if the wrong protein was made in your cells? A. Making Proteins Proteins are made on ribosomes in cytoplasm. Code for making proteins – carried from nucleus to ribosomes by a nucleic acid called RNA (ribonucleic acid).

10. B. Ribonucleic Acid RNA made in nucleus on a DNA pattern but is different than DNA * Looks like a ladder cut in half RNA has nitrogen bases Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil (not thymine found in DNA) Sugar-phosphate molecule in RNA contains sugar ribose Three main kids of RNA made from DNA in cell’s nucleus: mRNA – messenger RNA rRNA – ribosomal RNA tRNA – transfer RNA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Elo-zX1k8M

11. B. Ribonucleic Acid cont. Protein production begins when mRNA moves into the cytoplasm. There, ribosomes attach to it. (Ribosomes are made of rRNA) Transfer RNA molecules in cytoplasm bring amino acid to ribosomes. Inside ribosomes, 3 nitrogen bases on mRNA temporarily match the 3 nitrogen bases on the rRNA. The amino acids that are attached to the 2 tRNA molecules bond. This is the beginning of a protein. The code carried in mRNA directs the order in which amino acid bond. After rRNA lose its amino acids, it moves about cytoplasm and pick up another amino acids like first one. The ribosomes moves along mRNA. New tRNA with amino acids match up and add amino acids to make protein molecule. ( See animation on next slide)

12. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJxobgkPEAohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJxobgkPEAo 3 min or https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h5mJbP23Buo 7min https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bLEDd-PSTQ 3 min translation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h5mJbP23Buo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bLEDd-PSTQ

13. C. Controlling Genes In many-celled organisms-each cell uses only some of the thousands of genes that it has to make proteins. Like an actor using only the lines for his or her role Ex. Muscle proteins are made in muscle cells Cells control genes by turning some genes off and others on. Different ways to do this: DNA twist so tightly – no RNA can be made Chemical bind to DNA so it can not be used. Why? If the incorrect proteins are produced, the organism cannot function properly.

14. III. Mutations Sometimes mistakes happen when DNA is being copied. Proteins made from the instructions might be made incorrectly. Some mutations include cells receive extra chromosomes or missing a chromosomes. Outside factors- cause mutations X-rays Sunlight Some chemicals. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eDbK 0cxKKsk

15. A. Results of a Mutation Genes control the traits we inherit. Without correctly coded proteins, an organism can not grow, repair, or maintain itself. See figure 19 If mutation occur in body cell, it might or might not be life threatening. If mutation occur in sex cell, then all the cells that form from it will have that mutation. Mutations add variety to a species. Many are harmful –causing death Some do not appear to have any effect Others are beneficial. Figure 19 TB p. 193 Defect on chromosome 2, the mutant fruit fly has short wings and cannot fly. Predict: Could this defect be transferred to the mutant’s offspring? Explain

16. Closure Using a Venn diagram, compare and contrast DNA and RNA