1. CIVILIZATIONS OF AFRICA

3.  Savanna- areas of grassland and scattered trees  Sahara- largest desert in the world(stretches across North Africa) (Sub-Saharan is the area just below the desert)  Africa also has:  Lakes  Valleys  Multiple mountain ranges

6.  Bantu- Stands for the people in the tribe and the languages they speak  Migration- movement from one region to another  Bantu history is tough to piece together  Think about how historians have been able to understand the history of civilizations,  Discuss with a classmate why Saharan and Sub-Saharan Africa may be hard to learn about

7.  Early Bantu’s were fishers, farmers, and herders  Villages made up of CLANS  What is a CLAN?  Maternal families (possessions passed down through Mothers side)  Each generation gradually migrated over the years  Helped them develop new crops and raise new animals

8.  The Bantu moved and either assimilated or conquered.  Metal weapons  Better crops  Migrated all over Central and southern Africa  Why is the migration important to African growth?

9.  Pg 315  1- (A/B)  2- (A/B/C)

10.  Ghana- another kingdom built on trade  Salt and Gold (why salt?)  Ghana was located on a major trade route  Mali- Powerful kingdom in West African Savanna  Sundiata founded the kingdom in 1230 AD  Mansa-Musa- king of Mali in 1312  Major trade center (that’s how they got their wealth)(charged travel taxes)

11.  The leading empire of West Africa in the 1400’s  Power gained by trading gold and salt  Songhai overruns the trading center of Tombouctou  100 years later the society falls to the guns and cannons of the Moroccan armies in North Africa  This marks an end to the trading empires of Africa

12.  The jungle tribes were polytheistic, whereas the savanna tribes were Muslim  The two most dominant of the jungle cities were Ile-Ife (EE Lay EE Fay) and Benin (Beh Neen)  Wealth made through trade

13.  1000 AD Ile-Ife became a powerful center of trade  Leaders were called Onis (Oh Neez)  We know little about this city due to a lack of written info and artifacts  Modern city is on the old one  Artifacts are covered by jungle growth  Moisture has rotted wood and metal artifacts

14.  Large city in Africa, started in the 1200’s  Wealth came from copper, gold, and iron mines  Slave trade  Obas (leaders of the tribe)  1500’s it was at its greatest size and power  Ruled most of Nigeria  Center for art and trade (similar art to Ile-Ife)  These artists influenced modern artists

15. 1. Name the 3 Western African Kingdoms 2. Trading made them rich, which two products were the most valuable? 3. What are the names of the 2 African Jungle Kingdoms we are covering? 4. What are the leaders called in each jungle kingdom: 1. - 2. -

16.  Ancient Ethiopia- Capital city was Aksum  Controlled from Aksum to the coast of the Red Sea Port of (Adulis)  Controlled the trade of ivory  Traders came in and out exchanging goods and ideas  AD 300 King Ezana converted the Muslim nation into a Christian nation  Aksum controlled the Red Sea ports until they were defeated by the Muslim empires of Arabia

17.  Christianity continued to spread in Ethiopia, even though the surrounding areas had been forced back to Islam  Christian churches spread throughout the Ethiopian countryside  King Lalibela and his churches

19.  After Muslims gained control they turned the whole Eastern African seaboard into sea ports  Each port is an independent city-state  Reason for success-  Africa had a lot of gold and ivory, products hard to find outside of the continent  In exchange Muslims brought in luxury goods from other nations that could not be found in Africa

20.  Kilwa traded African Island goods with the Arabs who brought in foreign goods  Swahili- a language spoken by East coast Africans that was a mixture of Bantu and Arabic  In the 1500’s the Portuguese took over the region but Swahili has remained the major language and Islam the major religion

21.  Most of the east African gold came from mines owned by the Great Zimbabwe  Zimbabwe grew very rich and powerful through trade  Reached its height by 1400’s  Collapsed by 1500’s  Reason for collapse:  1-Trading posts moved  2- farmers depleted the soil