1. Multiple Uses of Marine Ecosystems Andrew A. Rosenberg University of New Hampshire USA

2. Fishery Ecosystems Mining Recreation Communication Fishing TransportationAquaculture Conservation Coastal Development

3. Classification of Impacts on Fisheries and Ecosystems Direct Effects – mortality rate changes Indirect Effects – productivity changes Complex Effects – interactions of factors

4. Direct Effects Exploitation Conservation Toxic substance impacts Mechanical disturbance Shock or sound wave impacts New sources of predation

7. Contaminants – Point Source Pollution

8. Indirect Effects Habitat modification or loss New competition Chronic contamination Chronic disturbance

9. Contaminants Widely Dispersed

11. Complex Effects Reduced resilience to environmental variation Toxic acute and chronic effects High exploitation rate and habitat loss

12. Chinook Salmon Stocks at Risk

13. Spatial Dimension Lesser ImpactGreater Impact NearshoreOffshore Higher Encounter Rate Greater Complexity

15. Temporal Dimension Long-term ImpactShort-term Impact AcuteChronic Direct Effects Predominate Less Complexity Indirect Effects Predominate High Complexity

17. Complexity Dimension Low Complexity High Complexity Direct Effect Predominate Higher Resolution Indirect Effects Predominate Low Resolution

18. Habitat Modification – Dredging And Coastal Development

19. Aquaculture – contaminants, competition, genetic impacts?

20. General Background on the Precautionary Approach Precautionary Principle versus Approach UNCED and Rio Conference UN Conference on Straddling Stocks FAO Code of Conduct Sustainable Fisheries Act

21. Some General Features of the Precautionary Approach Prudent foresight Avoid irreversible changes Action even when uncertain Give priority to conserving productivity

22. The Precautionary Approach “…the precautionary approach is about applying judicious and responsible fisheries management practices, based on sound scientific research and analysis, proactively (to avoid or reverse overexploitation) rather than reactively (once all doubt has been removed and the resource is severely overexploited) to ensure the sustainability of fishery resources and associated ecosystems for the benefit of future as well as current generations” -- Restrepo et al. 1999