1. Projected changes to coastal fisheries

2. Based on......

3. Outline Main components of coastal fisheries Indirect effects of climate change Direct effects of climate change Projected changes to coastal fisheries production Priority management measures

4. Coastal fisheries – Vanuatu 540 tonnes/yr Subsistence Commercial

5. What are coastal fisheries? Demersal fish Nearshore pelagics Invertebrates Species not considered Deepwater snapper Sharks

6. Demersal fish

7. Nearshore pelagic fish

8. Invertebrates

9. Coastal fisheries – Vanuatu 1,730 t/yr 755 t/yr 885 t/yr

10. Indirect effects of climate change Percentage

12. 65% decline in abundance and diversity of fishes

13. Proportional change Time after extensive coral loss (years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0.5 0 -0.5 Macroalgae Coral cover Habitat complexity Effects of habitat degradation

14. Proportional change Time after extensive coral loss (years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0.5 0 -0.5 Coral reef fishes Macroalgae Coral cover Habitat complexity Effects of habitat degradation

15. Coral associated Highly vulnerable Reef associated Vulnerable Generalists Not vulnerable Catch composition

16. Fish composition – Vanuatu Percent Catch Species composition

17. Importance of herbivorous fish

18. Direct effects of climate change Temperature pH

19. Temperature ( o C) Maximum growth 28-30 o C Acanthochromis polyacanthus Growth ( mg/week) Projected increase 3 o C by 2100 Effects of temperature Zarco Perello and Pratchett 2012

20. Maximum growth 28-30 o C Growth ( mg/week) Effects of temperature Fewer & smaller fishes Declines in: growth lifespan reproduction Projected increase 3 o C by 2100 Temperature ( o C) Zarco Perello and Pratchett 2012

21. Effects of temperature Normal spawning temperature

22. Effects of ocean acidification Abalone Byrne 2012

23. Effects of ocean acidification Munday et al 2012

24. Projected coastal fisheries production Vanuatu Fisheries % catch 203520502100Main effects Demersal fish50 -2 to -5% -20% -20 to -50% Habitat loss and degradation Nearshore pelagic fish 310%-10% -15 to -20% Changes in distribution of tuna Invertebrates19 0 to -5% -5 to -10% -10 to -20% Ocean acidification

25. Priority management measures 1.Protect structural complexity and biological diversity of coral reefs, mangroves and seagrass to sustain fisheries and maximise adaptation potential 2.Recognise ecological importance of herbivorous fish and ensure stocks are sufficient to maintain ecosystem functions 3.Maintain adequate spawning stocks of all species to help overcome the shocks of greater climate extremes

26. Conclusions Coastal fisheries are critically important for both food security and livelihoods Effects of climate change will add to existing pressures (e.g. overfishing) Improved catch data are needed for monitoring effects of climate change on coastal fisheries:  separate data for each main category of coastal fisheries  subsistence fisheries catches