1. Lecture 5 Personality

2. Outline Introduction Trait Perspectives Social-Cognitive Perspectives Psychodynamic Perspectives Humanistic Perspectives

3. What is Personality? A particular pattern of behaviour and thinking prevailing across time and situations that differentiates one person from another (Carlson et al., 2000); a relatively stable predisposition to behave in a certain way (Gray, 2000)

4. Trait Perspectives A personality trait is an enduring personal characteristic that reveals itself in a particular pattern of behaviour in a variety of situations (Carlson et al., 2000)

5. Trait Perspectives Aggressiveness CompetitivenessPugnaciousnessArgumentativeness Argues with room- mates Defends un- popular positions Writes letters to the editor Reacts with “road rage” Picks fights in bars Fights when playing sports Works hard to out- perform others Central Trait Surface Trait Behaviour Plays to win

6. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (16PF) Warm Abstract thinker Emotionally stable Dominant Enthusiastic Conscientious Bold Tender-minded Suspicious Imaginative Shrewd Apprehensive Experimenting Self-sufficient Controlled Tense

7. Eysenck’s Three-Factor Model Extroversion-Introversion Neuroticism- Emotional Stability Psychoticism- Self-Control

8. The Five-Factor Model (The Big Five) Openness Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism

9. Trait Perspectives Traits vs. situations Biological foundations

10. Social Cognitive Perspectives (Social Learning) Observational learning Expectancies Reciprocal determinism

11. Social Cognitive Perspectives, cont. Locus of Control (Rotter) Internal-External Self-efficacy (Bandura) The expectations of success; the belief in one’s own competencies and abilities to perform a task

12. Psychodynamic Perspectives: Freud Basic Principles Psychodynamic: mind is in a state of conflict among instincts, reasons, and conscience Unconscious motivation sex (libido) aggression

13. Psychodynamic Perspectives: Freud Structures of the mind Id Ego Superego

14. Psychodynamic Perspectives: Freud Defense mechanisms Repression Displacement (sublimation) Reaction formation Projection Rationalization Conversion

15. Psychodynamic Perspectives: Freud Psychosexual Theory of Personality Development Oral stage (0-1 years) Anal stage (2-3 years) Phallic stage (3-5 years) Latency period (5-12 years) Genital stage (12 years through adulthood)

16. Humanistic Perspectives Maslow and Self-Actualization

17. Humanistic Perspective, cont. Rogers and Conditions of Worth