1. Personality The unique pairing of traits that comprise who we are. Persona = “mask” Predicting future behavior Does our Personality change over time?  ’gists: explain HOW personality develops.

2. Personality Learning Objectives: n Psychodynamic Theory n Trait Perspective n Learning Perspective n Humanistic-Existential Perspective n Sociocultural Perspective n Measurement of Personality

3. Psychodynamic Theory: Freud n Personality is determined by conflict u 1st external, then internal (opposing inner forces) u At any given moment our behavior, thoughts, and emotions represent the outcome of these inner contests n Emphasis on Unconscious motives

4. Psychosexual Development Freud: human mind is like an iceberg n Conscious n Preconscious superego ego n UnconsciousId

5. Structure of the Personality Freud: n used Psychoanalysis to explore the personality n Developed the Structures of the Personality to describe the clashing forces of “P” n Mental structures that explain different aspects of behavior

6. Structures of the Personality n ID(“it”)[Pleasure Principle] u Instant gratification, present @ birth n EGO[Reality Principle] u Reason and good sense n SUPEREGO [Moral Principle] u Moral guardian

7. Psychosexual Stages n Sexual impulses are a central factor in development of “P” (even among children) n “Eros”-major instinct aimed at preserving, perpetuating life n Insufficient or excessive gratification at any stage could lead to fixation and trait development

8. The 5 Psychosexual Stages n ORAL (1st yr) conflict: weaning=frustration n ANAL (2nd yr) Retentive/expulsive n PHALLIC (3-6) Oedipus/Electra, “Penis Envy” n LATENCY (7-12) Repression of sexual impulses n GENITAL (Puberty +) express libido:intercourse

9. Other Psychodynamic Theorists n Carl Jung (influence of culture) u Collective Unconscious / Archetypes n Alfred Adler: Inferiority Complex n Karen Horney: Parent-child relationships n Erik Erikson: social relationships u we’re “conscious architects” of our own “P”

10. Trait Perspective Historical Overview n Hippocrates: 4 fluids n Wm. Sheldon: influence of body types n Gordon Allport: catalogued traits n Hans Eysenck: Focus on sets of traits n Five Factor Model (very popular)

11. Five Factor Model: (O.C.E.A.N.) n Largely inborn, related to basic temperament n Openness To Experience n Conscientiousness n Extroversion n Agreeableness n Neuroticism / Emotional Stability

12. Learning Perspective n Behaviorism: “P” is plastic u John Watson u Environmental influences, Not thinking n Social-Cognitive Theory u Albert Bandura u Observational learning, values, & experiences are the major factor

13. Humanistic-Existential Perspective n Importance of personal and conscious experiences n Freedom, personal responsibility are the essence of life n Abraham Maslow n Carl Rogers “Self Theory” Sense of “self” is innate / inborn. It is our guiding principle

14. Sociocultural Perspective n Role of ethnicity, culture, gender, SES in “P” formation n Importance of Acculturation u Individualism u Collectivism

15. Measurement of Personality n Take a sample of behavior to predict the future. n Use in jobs, school n Objective: concrete/definite answers u ex. MMPI & CPI n Projective: ambiguous stimuli u ex. Rorschach & TAT