1. Adaptations & supporting policies for food security and livelihoods

2. Based on…….

3. Outline General types of adaptations needed An adaptation framework Win-win adaptations Supporting policies

4. Adaptations need To minimise and fill the gap

5. Adaptation decision framework Lose-Lose X Lose-Win X Win-Win x X Long-term Loss Long-term Gain Near-term Gain Near-term Loss Addresses climate change Addresses present drivers After Grafton (2010) Win-Lose

6. Adaptations to minimise the gap Avoid this

7. Win-win adaptations Manage and restore vegetation cover in catchments L-W W-W L-L W-L Improves resilience of coral reef, mangrove and seagrass habitats

8. Win-win adaptations Sustain production of fish stocks L-W W-W L-L W-L Maintaining spawning adults will help ensure replenishment and build resilience of key species

9. Adaptations to fill the gap

10. Win-win adaptations Increase access to tuna with anchored inshore Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) L-W W-W L-L W-L

11. Win-win adaptations Improve post-harvest methods L-W W-W L-L W-L Photo: Jocelyn Carlin

12. Win-win adaptations Develop pond aquaculture in rural and peri-urban areas L-W W-W L-L W-L Photo: Ben Ponia

13. Win-win adaptations Develop coastal fisheries for small pelagic species L-W W-W L-L W-L ? Photo: Nathalie Behring

14. Other adaptations Provide for landward migration of coastal fish habitats L-W W-W L-L W-L

15. Other adaptations Reduce and diversify catches of demersal fish L-W W-W L-L W-L Greater focus on herbivorous fish

16. Other adaptations Allow for expansion of freshwater fish habitats L-W W-W L-L W-L

17. Suggested supporting policies Strengthen governance of agriculture, forestry and mining practices to prevent soil loss and pollution, to safeguard fish habitats and water quality Minimise barriers to migration of coastal and freshwater habitats Promote mangrove replanting programmes Apply ‘primary fisheries management’ to coastal fisheries to maintain their potential for replenishment

18. Suggested supporting policies Restrict export of demersal fish to retain them for national food security Increase access to tuna for the food security by reducing national allocations to industrial fleets Capitalise on opportunities for freshwater pond aquaculture Limit farming of Nile tilapia to catchments where tilapia species are already established, or there is a shortage of fish

19. Key investments  Surveys of best sites for installing inshore FADs  Programmes to install and maintain FADs  Identify prime locations for peri-urban and rural pond aquaculture  Hatcheries and networks to deliver juveniles  Evaluate merits of micro-credit schemes to develop fisheries around FADs; expand pond aquaculture; and scale-up post-harvest processing

20. Conclusions Win-win adaptations are available to reduce risks and capitalise on opportunities Supporting policies and investments are needed Integrate adaptations and policies and investments into national strategies and action plans for climate change, including community- based actions supported by partners