1. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Chapter 34 Nutrition in Health and Disease

2. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Nutrition Good nutrition results in better quality, longer life Patient education important in modified diet to treat illness

3. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Digestion Physical and chemical changes in food for absorption Absorption is transfer of nutrients to the bloodstream

4. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Energy Nutrients Carbohydrates –Utilization in body

5. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Energy Nutrients Fats –Characteristics of triglycerides –Whether or not they are essential to diet –Saturation –Trans fats

6. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Energy Nutrients Proteins –Amino acids –Complete proteins

7. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Energy Balance Amount of energy measured in calories Formula for measuring calories Basal metabolic rate (BMR) Storage of calories as fat

8. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Energy Balance Depleting stores of fat 50 to 60 percent from carbohydrates 10 to 20 percent from proteins 20 percent from fat

9. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Food Pyramid Diet of Americans: High in fat and calories USDA recommends more balanced nutrition

10. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Vitamins Complex molecules Functions –Facilitate cellular metabolism –Act as component of tissue structure Classes –Fat-soluble –Water-soluble –Antioxidants

11. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Minerals Singular elements Some required in large amounts Electrolytes Must be balanced in body

12. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Minerals Major minerals –Calcium –Phosphorus –Potassium –Sodium –Chlorine –Magnesium –Sulfur Trace minerals

13. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Water Most important nutrient Functions in human body –Major solvent –Medium in which most biochemical reactions of the body take place –Essential for removal of toxic waste –Component of many structures

14. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Water Functions in human body –Composes 50–60 percent of human body –Major component of blood –Lubricates –Helps control temperature of body Must be replenished daily Six to eight glasses per day

15. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Fiber Carbohydrate in nature From plant sources Not digested or absorbed into body Adds bulk to fecal material

16. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Fiber Conditions caused by lack of fiber –Diverticulitis –Colorectal cancer Types –Carbohydrates Cellulose –Lignin Often removed during processing

17. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Reading Food Labels On the nutrition label: –Serving size –Calories –The daily percentage value –Total saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol –Sodium –Carbohydrates

18. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Reading Food Labels Other information –Fiber –Protein –Some vitamins and minerals Ingredients –Largest quantity listed first –Preservatives

19. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Reading Food Labels Comparing labels –Look for lowest amount of fat –Low sodium content –High fiber –Vitamins and minerals

20. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Nutrition at Various Stages of Life Pregnancy and lactation –Require increase in various nutrients –Double protein intake –Increase intake of vitamins, calcium, phosphorus, and iron –Do not skimp on calories

21. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Nutrition at Various Stages of Life Infancy –Continuous growth –Triple birth weight in first year of life, but avoid overfeeding –Need for two to three times more protein and calories per kilogram of body weight than normal adult –Breast milk –Need for iron

22. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Nutrition at Various Stages of Life Childhood –Healthy eating habits –Importance of regular exercise –Childhood obesity –Fast foods –Parental education

23. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Nutrition at Various Stages of Life Adolescence –Greatest levels of growth –Generally begins sooner with females –Growth spurts –Iron requirements increase for females –Calcium requirements increase because of rapid bone development

24. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Nutrition at Various Stages of Life Elderly –Cellular metabolism tends to slow –Decreased requirement for calories –Increased requirement for nutrients, vitamins, and protein during illness –Decreased absorption in digestive tract

25. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Nutrition at Various Stages of Life Elderly –Difficulties presented because of Individual’s psychological state Economic status Physiological factors General unwillingness to change eating habits

26. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Therapeutic Diets Weight control –Obesity –Bulimia and anorexia nervosa Diabetes mellitus –Insulin production –Controlling effects of

27. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Therapeutic Diets Cardiovascular disease –Hypertension –Atherosclerosis –Arteriosclerosis –Lipoproteins –Serum cholesterol

28. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Therapeutic Diets Cardiovascular disease –Myocardial infarction –Healing of heart after myocardial infarction Cancer –Normal regulatory mechanisms within cell have broken down –Total parenteral nutrition