1. THE LATE MIDDLE AGES

2. Ring around the Rosies Pocket full of posies Ashes, ashes (or a-choo, a- choo) We all fall down!

3. The Black Death/Plague  Passed from country to country along trade routes  Infection spread by fleas & rats (fed on blood)  Symptoms: swollen lymph nodes (groin, armpit, neck) – sometimes egg-sized  Coughing & spitting blood  Body smell

4. Spread of the Black Death

5. Eyewitness account, p.565 Illustration, Toggenburg Bible (1411), above Disfigured monks being blessed (wikipedia), below

6. Danse Macabre, inspired by the Black Death (above) “Doctor Beak of Rome”, plague doctor (below)

7. Facts  Death estimate: 1/8-1/2 Europe’s population  2/3 of some cities wiped out  Self-imposed quarantines began (although they didn’t exist formally)  Skeleton became popular feature in art, music & literature

8. Social Effects  Morals disappeared (some areas)  More pious (other areas) – lots of gifts to churches  Church weakened  Jews became scapegoats – many burned to death  Labour shortages

9. Early “cures” (do not copy)  People were superstitious and thought the following would work:  bathing in human urine  wearing of excrement  placing dead animals in homes  use of leeches  drinking molten gold and powdered emeralds

10. Economic Effects  150 years to recover  Less food needed, agriculture suffered  Fewer skilled craftsmen, prices of manufactured good rose  Innovation discouraged (too risky)  Power shifted from city to countryside  Peasant revolts

12. 100 Years War  Changes in warfare – European recipe for gunpowder – changed fighting tactics  Cannons, muskets  Rivalry between England & France  Who was the rightful king of France?  Actually lasted 116 years  French soldiers drove English out, thanks to Joan of Arc

13. Battle of Sluys, above (wikipedia) Joan of Arc at the Siege of Orleans, below

14. Joan of Arc  Illiterate peasant  17 years old  Believed she heard voices – told her to force the English out of France  Led army of several thousand French  Tried for heresy, executed - body burned 2-3 times

15. Church at the site of Joan of Arc’s execution, Rouen

16. Tower where she was imprisoned, Rouen (right) Joan interrogated in her prison cell by the cardinal of Winchester, 1824 (below)

17. Joan at the Coronation of Charles VII Jeanne d’Arc (Eugene Thirion)

18. Work for you  Review, review, review