2. 1914-1918: The World at War 1914-1918: The World at War

3. I. Pursuit of Peace  A move away from militarism to pacifism (opposition to war)  New attempts: – In 1896 the modern Olympics began – Alfred Nobel established the Peace Prize – The Hague Tribunal was established in 1899 to help resolve disputes between countries

4. II. Aggressive Nationalism  Newly united Germany was very proud of its growth in military & industry  France was still angry about land it lost in the Franco-Prussian War  Austria-Hungary experienced hostility from many nations under their control

5.  Russians wanted to unite all Slavic people together under one government – This included the people in the Balkan States – This alliance made neighboring countries very nervous

6. Pan-Slavism

7. Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914 The “Powder Keg” of Europe

8. III. Rivalries  Germans have begun out-producing Britain, profits begin to shift to them  France and Germany compete to create colonies in Africa  Militarism glorifies war – Young men are anxious to become heroes – Industrialism allows for an arms race – more weapons make war more likely – Military leaders gain more political influence

9. IV. Rise of Military Strength  Germany possessed the most powerful army on the continent, and Britain the most powerful navy  Germany will rebuild its navy to challenge British supremacy  Both nations will increase the size and power of their fleets and armies in an attempt to not be outdone  Increase production and storage of arms

10. Standing Armies in Europe, 1914

11. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

12. V. Alliances  1873- Three Emperors League – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia  1879- Dual Alliance – Germany & Austria  1881- Re-established Three Emperors League  1882- Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy  1887- Reinsurance Treaty – Germany & Russia

13.  1890- Bismarck is dismissed by Wilhelm II  1894- Franco-Russian Alliance  1904- Britain forms an entente with France and then with Russia (1907) – Britain won’t necessarily come to their aid, but definitely won’t fight against them – Alliances create a series of dominoes – if one falls they all will

14. The “Spark”

15. VI. Archduke Franz Ferdinand  Ferdinand decided to visit Sarajevo (under Austria-Hungary’s control) – Many people there were Serbs or Slavs and didn’t want to be under A-H – Angry that Ferdinand would come

16.  June 28, 1914 – Ferdinand was traveling w/ his wife in an open car – The Black Hand (a Serbian nationalist group) launch a bomb at Ferdinand & miss him, but wounded some of his guard – Ferdinand insists that they go to the hospital, cars get jammed up – Gavrilo Princip is standing by and shoots Ferdinand and his wife

17. Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

18. The Assassination: Sarajevo

19. The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip Gavrilo Princip

20. Who’s To Blame?

21. VII. Ultimatums  Austria gives Serbia an ultimatum (do this or else)  Serbia will not agree to all conditions  Countries begin to mobilize (make ready) for war  Austria declares war – Austria had Germany to back them up – Serbia had Russia – Russia turns to France who is happy to try to get revenge on Germany

22. VIII. The Schlieffen Plan  At first both Italy and Britain remain neutral, don’t take either side  Germany had a plan to fight a two-front war, both Russia and France at once – Hoped to fight and defeat France very quickly – Then turn around and fight Russia, since they’d be slow to mobilize

23.  To get to France, Germany invaded Belgium – Went against neutrality – Too close to Britain  Britain declares war on Germany – world war has begun – Germany will not defeat France quickly – Also, Russia is not slow to mobilize Central Powers have to fight both sides

24. The Schlieffen Plan

25. Europe in 1914

26. The Major Players: 1914-17 Nicholas II [Rus] George V [Br] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Allied Powers: Franz Josef [A-H] Wilhelm II [Ger] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Central Powers: Enver Pasha [Turkey]

27. A Multi-Front War

28. The Western Front

29. Trench Warfare

30. “No Man’s Land”

31. Americans in the Trenches

32. U-Boats

33. Zeppelins

34. Flame Throwers Grenade Launchers

35. French Renault Tank

36. Poison Gas Machine Gun

37. The Airplane “Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

38. IX. Total War  WWI was a total war (all of a governments resources were put toward the war)  Raised taxes, began conscription (draft), rationed food/gas  Propaganda was used to sway public opinions – Publicized the atrocities of other gov’ts

39. Recruitment Posters

40. American Poster

41. German Poster Think of Your Children!

42. Financing the War

43. X. Women in Wartime  Women took up work at home in factories  Women also helped abroad – Grew food for soldiers – Nurses in the field

44. Munitions Workers

45. French Women Factory Workers

46. German Women Factory Workers

47. Working in the Fields

48. Red Cross Nurses

49. Russian Women Soldiers

50. XI. Collapsing Morale  In the 3 rd year casualties were high, food was short, victory no where in sight – Trench warfare has resulted in a stalemate (neither side can win)  Russia was hit very hard – In 1918, Czar Nicholas II is overthrown and Russia pulls out of the war – As a result, Germany only had to fight on one front – The end of the war seems near

51. XII. The US declares war  The US had been neutral  In 1915 a German u-boat sunk the Lusitania, a ship carrying 128 US passengers  In 1917 Britain intercepted the Zimmermann note – From Germany to Mexico – Promised land to Mexico if they’d invade the US

52. The Sinking of the Lusitania

53. The Zimmerman Telegram

54.  Anti-German feelings increase  Pres Wilson asks congress to declare war on Germany  Within two years the US provided: – 2.5 million soldiers – 7.5 million tons of weapons/supplies  This was all the Allies needed to tip the scales

55. The Yanks Are Coming! The Yanks Are Coming!

56. XIII. Victory  By mid-1918 the Allies had pushed the Germans out of France and Belgium  Clear they could not win  Kaiser Wilhelm II was forced to abdicate by his people  Austria-Hungary was being splintered by minority groups  An armistice was signed November 1918

57. 11 a.m., November 11, 1918 The Armistice is Signed!