1. Keystone Review Biochemistry Water pH

2. Carbon Carbon can form lots of bonds (and shapes) because it has four electrons in its outer energy level

3. Carbon variety Branched chain

4. Covalent bond—SHARING

5. Carbon double bond and triple bond

6. Macromolecules of Life Living things rely on 4 macromolecules – CARBOHYDRATES – LIPIDS – PROTEINS – NULCEIC ACIDS Each macromolecule is made up of smaller building blocks called monomers. (mono means one. A macromolecule is a polymer (poly means many)

7. Macromolecule (Polymer) Building Block (Monomer) CarbohydrateMonosaccharide LipidFatty Acid ProteinAmino Acid Nucleic AcidNucleotide

8. Monomer and Polymer

9. Monomers are like legos… You can put them together in whatever way you dream up!

10. Condensation reaction AKA Dehydration synthesis

11. Carbohydrate Used for short term energy in the body

12. Carbohydrate polymers

13. Cellulose a carbohydrate used for structure

14. Glycogen use and storage

15. Lipids – Long term energy storage

16. Cell membrane phospholipids

17. Lipids Can also insulate the body

18. Protein THREE JOBS Provide structure—hair Support—muscles Speed up reactions

19. Catalyst (type of protein) Speeds up chemical reactions without being consumed

20. Enzyme

21. pH – changes enzymes

22. Temperature changes enzymes

23. Concentration The amount of substrate limits the activity of the enzyme

24. Nucleic Acid Nucleic acids hold information in code There are 2 types – DNA and RNA

25. Nucelic acid

26. Nucleic acids are made up of building blocks called NUCLEOTIDES. Building block

27. DNA is always found in the NUCLEUS, or center of the cell (in prokaryotes). – DNA is in the shape of a DOUBLE HELIX. DNA

28. RNA can travel throughout the cell, because it carries INFORMATION on how to make PROTEIN and other vital cell parts. – RNA is generally a SINGLE STRAND. RNA

29. Water Polar molecule Oxygen & hydrogen share electrons but not equally

30. Why is water “sticky” Hydrogen bonds The slight negative end and slight positive end of each water sticks to each other

31. Properties of water Polarity Cohesion – Surface tension – Capillary action Adhesion Universal solvent High specific heat Less dense as a solid

32. pH scale Runs from 0 to 14 Below 7 is acidic 7 is neutral Above 7 is basic Measures the amount of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution