1.  Coordination and Subordination

2. Coordination  A coordinate construction is a sequence of semantically-related grammatical that are similar in form, equal in rank of structure, identical in function and are connected by coordinators.

3. Coordinate constructions  Types of coordinate constructions  1) Formation of coordinate constructions  2) Coordinating devices  3) Insertion between coordinated items  4) Symmetrical organization of coordinate constructions

4. Formation of coordinate constructions Coordinate constructions may be on different ranks in grammatical hierarchy. They may be a sequence of coordinated words, phrase, or clauses. When two or more independent clauses are coordinated, they form a compound sentence. The present lecture will chiefly deal with the formation and meanings of compound sentences.

5. Coordinating devices  A coordinate construction is formed with coordinating devices including coordinators and some punctuation marks.  Conjuncts such as accordingly, furthermore, hence, however, nevertheless, therefore, etc,

6. Conjunctive adverbs / conjuncts _____; however, ……… _____. However, ………  three groups of coordinators  addition: and-group  alternation: or-group  contrast: but-group

7. “and”  extension  temporal sequence  result  condition  contrast  comment

8. “ both … and ”  “ both … and ” can not coordinate two clauses  “ both … and ”, “ not only … but also ” must be followed by constructions similar in form

9. Cause-effect coordination “ so ”, “ for ”  It was raining, so the picnic was postponed.  There must be no one in the room, for the door is closed.

10. Insertion between coordinated items  Two coordinated items can be interrupted by an insertion just to lend emphasis to the second item. Likewise, in a series of three or more coordinated items, the last two can also be interrupted by an insertion to produce the same rhetorical effect.

11. Subordination  Subordinators  Simple subordinators  after immediately unless although lest until because like when(ever)

12. Subordinators  Complex subordinators assuming (that) insofar that but that in the event that considering (that) now (that) except (that) provided (that) excepting (that) providing (that) for all (that) save that given (that) seeing (that) granted (that) so (that)

13. Subordinators  Correlative subordinators as … as barely / hardly / scarcely.. When as … so more / (-er) / less … than not so … as no sooner … than such … as whether … or the … the, etc

14. Subordinators  marginal subordinators even if if only just as for fear (that) every time (that) in the light of the fact that the instant (that) on account of the fact that the momen (that) on the grounds that regardless of the fact that in the sense that, etc

15. Subordinate clauses  nominal clause  as subject  as object  as subject complement  as appositive  as prepositional complementation

16. Subordinate clauses  relative clause  adverbial clauses  … of time  … of place  … of manner  … of cause  … of result  … of purpose  … of condition  … of concession

17. NP that can introduce adverbial clauses  the instant  the minute  the moment  the day  each / every time  next time  the first time  by the time

18. Non-finite Clauses  Infinitive clauses  –ing participle clauses  –ed participle clauses  Verbless clauses