1. Phase One: Founding to 1830s Founders couldn’t agree on rights & responsibilities Suffrage left to the states Blacks, white women & Native Americans excluded Only white, landowning, taxpaying men could vote… about 6% of the population

2. Phase Two: Jacksonian Era to 1860 Landowning and taxpaying barriers removed By start of the Civil War, universal adult white male suffrage

3. Phase Three: Reconstruction to early 1900s (African Americans, Part I) Civil War Amendments (13 th, 14 th, 15 th ) First blacks elected to Congress and state gov’t positions throughout the South (Reconstruction gov’ts) Return of “home rule” let southern states exclude blacks Poll tax Literacy test Grandfather clause KKK gerrymandering

4. Amendment XIV - Citizenship rights. Ratified 7/9/1868. Note History RatifiedNoteHistory 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. jurisdictiondeprivedue processjurisdiction

5. Phase Four: Late 1800s to 1920 (Women!!) Beginnings of women’s suffrage movement & the Progressives 19 th Amendment first intro’d in Congress in 1889 Wyoming, Utah, Colorado allowed full voting rights to women (1860s-1880s) Women on the homefront (WWI) led to ratification of 19 th A’t in 1920 Doubled the size of the electorate!

7. Phase Five: Civil Rights Movement & The 1960s (African-Americans, Part II) Various Supreme Court cases slowly voided grandfather clause, white primaries 24 th A’t in 1964 outlawed poll taxes Voting rights for blacks became issue during Eisenhower & JFK campaigns MLK Selma to Montgomery March hastened passage of Voting Rights Act of 1965 (LBJ)

9. Phase Six: 18-year Olds & Attempts to Increase Turnout Vietnam spawned 18- to 20-year old suffrage movement 26 th A’t = fastest ratified a’t (Congress proposed in March 1971; states ratified by July 1971) 1975 Voting Rights Act allowed language assistance to minority voters Early voting & absentee ballot laws passed in states in 1980s 1993 Motor Voter Act signed by newly-elected Clinton