1. Physical Science Chapter 19 Elements and Their Properties 1

2. How to Count Atoms 1.The symbol of an element represents one atom of that element. Ex. Ba =1 atom of barium 2.A subscript is a number written at the lower right corner behind the symbol of an element. If there is more than one atom of the element, then a subscript is used to indicate the number of atoms. Ex. Cl 2 – 2 atoms of chlorine 3.A subscript outside a parenthesis multiples all the elements inside the parenthesis. Ex. Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 = 3 calcium, 2 Phosphorus, and 8 oxygen atoms.

3. How to Count Atoms 4.A coefficient is a number written in front of a chemical symbol and indicates the number of atoms of that element or number of molecules. Ex. 3C =3 carbon atoms 2NaSO 4 = 2 sodium, 2 sulfur and 8 oxygen atoms 5.A subscript is a number wirtten after an atom in a formula and indicates the number of atoms of that kind in the molecule. Ex. H 2 SO 4 The subscript of H =2 and subscript of O = 4. 6.Note: A coefficient multiples the number of atoms of each element in the formula. More Practice Now

4. 19:1 A.Metals conduct heat and electricity, reflect light (luster); are malleable -__________________-- are ductile -_________________-- ionic bonding --combine with nonmetals by losing electrons-, 2 Can be hammered or rolled into sheets Can be drawn into wires Video 1.a Metals 6.31

5. 19:1 Quick Notes A. Metallic bonding (positively charged metallic ions are surrounded by a cloud of electrons; ions are in sliding layers and electrons are weakly held; readily form ionic bonds with nonmetals. 3

6. 19:1 Quick Notes B. Alkali Metals are softer and more reactive than other metals; highly reactive with ________ & _________; combine readily with other elements due to _______ electron in outer energy level; they have multiple use: 6 oxygen water single

7. 19:1 Quick Notes a.Human health– b.Photocells– c.Francium- 7 sodium, potassium, and lithium compounds rubidium or cesium A radioactive element which breaks down giving off particles and energy

8. Alkali Metals

9. C. The Alkaline Earth Metals are _____ found naturally in elemental form: ______ electrons in outer energy level. 6 not two Alkaline Earth Metals

10. 19:1 Quick Notes a. Applications— 10 Stontium and magnesium found in fireworks; magnesium in vehicles, ladders, and bats; calcium in statues and countertops.

11. 19:1 Quick Notes b. Human body— 11 Calcium in bones; barium in disease diagnoses; radium formerly used in cancer treatment.

12. 19:1 Quick Notes D. Transition Elements—often occur in nature as combined elements A. Typically form colored compounds—chromium is found in rubies and emeralds; 12

13. 19:1 Quick Notes b.Iron triad-- _______, ____, ____. i. _________-- most widely used of all metals and main ingredient in steel; abundant in Earth’s crust. ii._______ and nickel – used in some steel iii._____ used to coat other metals. Iron, cobalt, and nickel Cobalt Nickel Iron

14. Iron Triad

15. 19:1 Quick Notes c.Copper, silver, gold --__________ metals since once were commonly used in coins. i. ______________ used in electrical wiring because it is a superior electricity conductor. 15 coinage Copper

16. 19:1 Quick Notes ii.___________ used in photographic film and paper, jewelry. iii. _____________ used in jewelry. 16 Silver Gold

17. C oinage Metals

18. 19:1 Quick Notes 18 d. Zinc, cadmium, mercury—Group ____ on the periodic table. i. Zinc and cadmium are often used to coat or plate other metals. ii. ________ only room temperature liquid metal; used in thermometers and batteries. 12 Mercury

19. Zin c Group 12

20. 19:1 Quick Notes 20 E. Inner Transition Metals—seem disconnected from the rest of the periodic table. a. The Lanthanides—include _______, cerium, praseodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, and terbium. lanthanum

21. 19:1 Quick Notes 21 b. The _________________--all are radioactive and __________, ____________ is the best known. Actinides unstable uranium 7 Lanthanide and Actinide Series.47

22. Inner Transition Metals

23. 19:2 Quick Notes A. Properties of nonmetals— usually gases or ______ solids at room temperature; are not ________ or ____________; usually poor _____________ of heat and electricity; usually not lustrous. brittle ductile conductors malleable

24. 19:2 Quick Notes 24 a.Ionic compounds—form when nonmetals gain _______ from metals and become ____________ ions. b.Covalent compounds-form when nonmetals share electrons with other ________________. electrons negative nonmetals

25. 19:2 Quick Notes B.__________-- most common element in the universe. About 90% of all atoms in the universe are Hydrogen. a. A _________ ______-- two atoms of the same element in covalent bond. Hydrogen Diatomic molecule

26. 19:2 Quick Notes 26 b.Highly reactive element found mostly on Earth as part of water. c. Halogens --include bromine, iodine, fluorine, chlorine, and astatine. 9 Halogens.44 10 Nobel Gases 1.15 How Chlorine Bonds

27. 19:2 Quick Notes 27 1. A _________ forms when a halogen gains one electron from a metal. salt

28. 19:2 Quick Notes 28 2. Uses of halogens i. ___________- disinfectant and bleach ii. __________ dyes in cosmetics iii. ________ hormone regulation. Chlorine Bromine Iodine

29. Halogens

30. 19:2 Quick Notes 30 c. ___________ a solid changes directly into a gas without first becoming a liquid. Sublimation

31. 19:2 Quick Notes D. Noble Gases—exist as isolated, stable atoms. a. ________--used in blimps and balloons. b. ______, argon, and krypton— used in lights. helium Neon

32. Noble Gases

33. 19:3 Quick Notes 33 A. Properties of ___________-- form ionic and covalent bonds; have some metallic and some nonmetallic properties; partial conduction gives them ______________ characteristics. Metalloids semiconductor

34. 19:3 Quick Notes 34 B.The ____________ Group— named for the first element in Group 13. a. ___________ used in water softening products, antiseptics and fuels. Boron

35. 19:3 Quick Notes 35 b. _____________ --abundant in Earth’s crust; used in cans, foil wraps, pans, building materials, and aircraft. Aluminum

36. Boron Group

37. 19:3 Quick Notes 37 C. The ____________ Group-- ___ electrons in outer energy level. a. _____________ found in coal, oil, natural gas, and foods carbon 4 13CarbonSiliconGermaniumTinLead 1.44 --

38. 19:3 Quick Notes 38 b.Silicon occurs as an ________- same element with different molecular structures. i. ___________ found in sand, rocks and soil. allotrope silicon

39. 19:3 Quick Notes 39 ii.The main component in ___________ which conduct electricity under certain conditions. c. _____________ is also used in semiconductors. semiconductors Germanium

40. 19:3 Quick Notes 40 d.______________-- used to coat other metals. e. Diamonds, graphite and buckminsterfullerene are all _________________ of carbon. Tin allotropes

41. Carbon Group Group 14

42. 19:3 Quick Notes D.The __________ Group-- ____ electrons in outer energy level; tend to form covalent bonds. a. _________ used to make nitrates and ammonia. Nitrogen 15 Nitrogen 14NitrogenGroup 1.22

43. 19:3 Quick Notes 43 b._____________ - used in water softeners, fertilizers, match heads, fine china. c. __________ and ___________ used with other metals to lower their melting points. Phosphorus Antimony bismuth

44. Nitrogen Group Group 15

45. 19:3 Quick Notes 45 E.The ___________ Group or Group 16. a. ____________ makes up 20% of air, is used by living things in respiration and provides protection from the sun’s radiation. Oxygen 15OxygenFamily.58

46. 19:3 Quick Notes 46 b.______________ is used to form sulfides for pigment in paint. c. _____________ is used in photocopiers and multivitamins. d._________ & _________ are also in the oxygen group. Sulfur Selenium Telluriumpolonium

47. Oxygen Group Group 16

48. 19:3 Quick Notes 48 F. ____________ Elements— scientists create elements not usually found on Earth; synthetic elements usually disintegrate quickly. Synthetic

49. 19:3 Quick Notes 49 a.Uranium can be made into _____________ which forms plutonium when it disintegrates. b. _______________elements have more than _____ protons and are synthetic and unstable. neptunium Transuranium 92

50. Synthetic Elements Plutonium also can be changed to americium, element 95. This element is used in home smoke detectors.

51. 19:3 Quick Notes 51 i.The study of synthesized elements help scientists to understand the forces holding the __________ together. ii. Element 114 lasted for ______ seconds. nucleus 30

52. 19:3 Quick Notes 52 iii. It combined 114 protons with ________ neutrons. iv. It broke apart due to enormous __________ between protons. 175 repulsion

53. Extra Review _____________is the most chemically reactive element of all elements. When metals share their outermost electrons with a _____________the metal and nonmetal become more chemically stable. Fluorine nonmetal

54. Extra Review ______ are good conductors of electricity because their outer- level electrons are weakly held. The most reactive of all metals are the _______ *** Substances that conduct an electric current under certain conditions are ___________. Metals alkali. metalloids

55. Extra Review In metallic bonding positively charged metallic ions are surrounded by a cloud of _________ ____________are used to make compounds used in the motion picture industry. **Metals can be used as wire because they are _________. electrons. Lanthanides ductile e

56. Extra Review A metal bolt with a mass of 26.6 g is placed in a 50 ml graduated cylinder containing water. The water level in the cylinder rises from 27.0 ml to 30.5 ml. What is the density of the bolt in g/cm 3 ? D = M/V V=30.5 – 27 = 3.5 D = 26.6 / 3.5 = 7.6 g/cm 3

57. Extra Review A person has a mass of 68.3 kg. If 65% of the mass of a human body is oxygen, what is the mass of oxygen in this person’s body? 68.3 x 65% = 44.395 kg

58. Review At room temperature most metals are ________. The process by which solid iodine particles change directly to gas without first becoming a liquid is called_____________. Elements that form salts by combining with metals are ____________. solids sublimation halogens

59. Review __________ is grouped with the alkali metals because it has one electron in its outer energy level. A chemical family whose members exist as reactive diatomic molecules in the gaseous phase is the _________. The elements in Groups 3 through 12 of the periodic table are the ______________________. Hydrogen halogens transition elements.

60. Review A family of elements that has two electrons in its outer energy level is the ______________. Elements in which the outer electrons are not held tightly are most likely to form ______________ bonds. The only metal that is a liquid at room temperature is____________. alkaline earth metals metallic mercury

61. Review Cobalt, iron and nickle are known as the ____________________. Three transition elements in Group _____are mercury, zinc and cadmium. Elements that lie along the stair-step line of the PT are metalloids. A family of elements that contains the most reactive metals is the _______ metals. iron triad 12 alkali

62. Review Elements that have more than 92 protons are known as the ___________ elements. ___________is the most chemically reactive element of all elements. The most reactive of all metals are the alkali. ____________ are used to make compounds used in motion pictures. Transuranium Fluorine Lanthanides

63. Review Magnesium and stontium are found in fireworks and give them the brilliant ____________color. ________is a very hard metal used in steel production. Small amounts of this element is needed by the human body for healthy blood. ***The noble gases are in group _____. white Iron 18

64. Review _________compounds form when nonmentals gain electrons from metals and become negative ions. _____________ is the most common element in the universe. Different forms of the same element that have different chemical arrangements are called _________________. Ionic Hydrogen allotropes

65.  **Radioactive elements comprise a majority of the _________.  **An element whose nucleus breaks down and emits particles and energy is a __________ element. actinides radioactive