Pilotage and Dead Reckoning

Pilotage and Dead Reckoning

Latitude and Longitude
Line that parallels the equator (East to West) Lies flat (fLatitude) North designation for us (we are north of Equator) 43°N Longitude Lines that Parallel the Prime Meridian (North to South) Longer because earth is not a ball West designation for us (we are west of the Prime Meridian) 119°W Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Degrees Minutes Seconds Seconds don’t really apply to us Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Find on your own: What is the longitude and Latitude of Catalina Island? Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Time Earth takes 24 hours to make complete revolution 360 degrees (circumference of earth) / 24 hours = 15 degrees/hour Noon: Sun is Directly overhead a meridian To the West of that meridian = morning To the East of that meridian = afternoon Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Time Zones Each 15 degrees of longitude: new time zone United States time zones: 75 Eastern 90 Central 105 Mountain 120 Pacific Dividing lines are irregular due to communities at the borders Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Time Zones Time differences to be taken into account during long flights east or westward Remember: hour is lost when flying eastward from one time zone to another Night time requirements – carriage of passengers Determine the time of Sunset at the destination by consulting FSS Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Time Zones In aviation, time uses a 24 hour (military) clock E.g. 9 am = 0900, 10pm = 2200 Several time zones to cross – standard time selected Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) Referred to as Zulu time Time at the 0 degree of longitude – Greenwich, England All time zones around the world are in reference to UTC Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Time Zones in the US If UTC is 5pm (1700) Eastern Standard Time – Add 5 hours Central Standard Time – Add 6 hours Mountain Standard Time – Add 7 hours Pacific Standard Time – Add 8 hours For DST, subtract one hour from the above Time Zone Known Time EST 1200 CST 1100 MST 1000 PST 0900 Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Planning a Flight From PHNL to PHMK

The Three Types of Navigation
Pilotage Dead-Reckoning Radio Navigation Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.

Pilotage Fancy word for looking out the window Navigating by Visual Landmarks Most enjoyable way to navigate Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Course Considerations
What areas do you want to avoid? Special Use Airspace High Terrain Sparse Landmarks Measure the length of the course Fuel Considerations Too far? Find an FBO (Fixed-Base Operator) Understand charges ahead of time Nothing worse than getting hit with a $100 “unwaiverable” landing fee Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Checkpoints When you have finalized your course, you can choose checkpoints Best checkpoint is one that can’t be confused with anything else Lake with distinctive shape Major highway crossing river Remember, must have a Checkpoint for TOC and TOD Performance Charts! Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Measuring Direction Draw a line from Point A to Point B Measuring the angle between this line and the meridian would give you a True Course This is now the direction in reference to True North Cautions: Always measure TC from the midpoint (meridians converge towards poles) Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Effects of Wind Wind blowing from North at 25 knots – wind is moving southward at 25 nautical miles in 1 hour Aircraft moving through air is affected by wind Wind changes the ground speed Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Effects of Wind (Vector Addition)
Consider an Aircraft moving at 120 knots Absent any wind, it’s groundspeed is 120 knots as well 120 NM Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. Aircraft Speed Resultant = 120 NM / hr © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Same Aircraft moving at 120 knots Tailwind (wind from behind) at 20 knots Aircrafts groundspeed is 140 knots 120 NM 20 NM Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. Aircraft Speed Wind Resultant = 140 NM / hr © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Same Aircraft moving at 120 knots Headwind (wind from front) at 20 knots Aircrafts groundspeed is 140 knots 120 NM Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. Aircraft Speed 20 NM Wind Resultant = 100 NM / hr © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Effects of Wind Wind is not always from head on – but from a side Must establish a wind correction angle that will counteract any effect of wind drift Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Wind Correction Necessary to head aircraft in a slightly different direction Think ground reference maneuvers – crab angle The direction the nose is pointing in reference to True North is True Heading Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Wind Correction Find Wind Direction and Heading Use E6B to find Wind Correction Angle Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Wind Correction True Course +/- Wind Correction Angle = True Heading TC +/- WCA = TH Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Variation Difference between True North and Magnetic North North pole is 1300 miles away from Magnetic North Pole Isogonic Lines listed on charts to help us find difference in relation to Magnetic North Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Variation Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Variation Adjust that True Heading for Variation and you get a Magnetic Heading TH +/- VAR = MH Remember “East is Least, West is Best” Also, see formula on E6B Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Deviation Each aircraft has its own localized magnetic influences on compass Pilot must add or subtract these influences Technician will “swing” the compass and write the difference the compass shows between known headings The compass deviation card is required for all aircraft Mounted near the compass Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Deviation Magnetic Heading adjusted for Deviation is the Compass Heading MH +/- DEV = CH Compass Heading is what the plane actually flies Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

To Summarize Course Heading Track Drift Angle WCA Airspeed Groundspeed – Intended path of the Aircraft over the ground – Direction in which the nose is pointed – Actual Path the plane makes over the ground – Angle between heading and track – Correction applied to counteract drift – Rate of aircraft’s progress through the air – Rate of aircraft’s progress over the ground Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Calculations Converting Minutes to Hours: Divide minutes by 60 30 minutes 60 minutes per hour = hours Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Calculations Time from Distance and Groundspeed: Distance divided by groundspeed = Time 100 NM 100 NM/hour = Hour Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Calculations Distance from Time and Groundspeed: Groundspeed multiplied by Time = Distance 100 NM / hour X 1 hour = NM Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Calculations Groundspeed from Distance and Time: Distance divided by time = groundspeed 100 NM 1 hour = NM/hr Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Calculations Knots to MPH Multiply Knots by 1.15 to get MPH 100 Kts X = MPH Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Calculations Fuel Consumption Gallons per hour divided by hours 10 gph .5 hour = gallons Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Flight Computer Questions
How far did I travel if my groundspeed was 123 knots and I traveled for 8 minutes? How long does it take to travel 6 miles at 87 knots? It took me 7 minutes to go 16 miles. How fast was I going? How much fuel do I burn in that 7 minutes if I burn 13 gph? What if I flew a twin-engine airplane for that 7 minutes and each engine burns 15 gallons per hour? Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Wind Computer / Triangle Questions
Based on the following chart, if flown at 120 KIAS, what is the WCA and Groundspeed at 9000 feet over LIH on a True Course of 310 degrees? Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Wind Computer / Triangle Questions
Based on the following chart, if flown at 125 KIAS, what is the WCA and Groundspeed at 12,000 feet over OGG on a True Course of 125 degrees? Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Vocabulary True Course WCA True Heading Variation Mag. Heading Deviation Compass Hdg. – Direction of line between two desired points on chart – Difference between True Course and nose of aircraft – Where the nose of the aircraft is pointed towards – Difference between True and Magnetic North – True Heading corrected for Variation – The affects of the local electromagnetism – Flown to get from point A to point B Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Vocabulary Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Cruising Altitudes Determined by Magnetic Course (91.159) TC +/- VAR = Magnetic Course = Odd Thousands Feet = Even Thousands Feet Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Flight Planning Considerations
What are the Necessary Materials? 91.103: Pre-Flight Action: Notams Weather Known ATC Delays Runway Lengths Alternates Fuel Requirements Takeoff and Landing Distances Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Caution “Each pilot in command shall, before beginning a flight, become familiar with all available information concerning that flight. This information must include…” Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

NOTAMS (AIM 5-1-3) Types of NOTAMS (D) – Information that requires wide dissemination and pertains to enroute and landing areas listed in A/FD FDC – Regulatory in nature: changes in charts, procedures, TFRs (L) is discontinued Where to get NOTAMS Flight Service Station (Always ask) Notams.aim.faa.gov DUATS Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Weather Types of Briefings Standard Abbreviated Outlook Official vs. Unofficial Sources Where to get it? DUATS (duats.com) Only works on Internet Explorer FSS (Lockheed Martin) Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Known ATC Delays Where to get them: FSS Fly.faa.gov Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Runway Lengths Where to get them: A/FD – Purchase one AirNav SkyVector Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Alternates Choosing an Alternate Considerations for Fuel Runway Lengths Weather ATC Delays Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Fuel Requirements Fuel Required for VFR Flight Use the Performance Charts for Climb and Descent fuel Decide on Fuel Requirements before departure AirNav has FBO Fuel Pricing Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Takeoff & Landing Distances
Performance Charts Remember that Density Altitude may change during the time you departed and the time you arrive at your destination E.g. Big Bear Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Types of Flight Plans VFR Visual Flight Rules – mainly for S&R Purposes IFR Must be filed prior to any flight under IFR DVFR Must be filed and clearance received prior to crossing an ADIZ Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Filing the Flight Plan Is it required? Why do we file? How to open VFR Flight Plan While in air How to close VFR Flight Plan Lockheed Martin FSS ATC DOES NOT CLOSE FOR YOU! Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Lost Procedures Dangerous due to Fuel Common sense procedures Climb Circle Confess Communicate Comply Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Diversions May not be able to make it to planned destination Hard because of limited flight deck space Compute: Course Time Speed Distance Fuel Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Diversions Measure course with protractor or plotter Consider straightedge with compass rose on VOR Consider navigating to an airport with a VOR or NDB Start diversion over ground feature Unless emergency – divert promptly Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Diversions Calculate point to point ground speed Priority must be placed on flying the aircraft Allowed to use Autopilot, but don’t use it as a crutch Remember: Course – DTF (Distance, Time, and Fuel) Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

References Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Chapter 15 Jeppesen Private Pilot Guided Flight Discovery Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Pilotage and Dead Reckoning

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