2. A New Civilization in Western Europe Chapter 10

3. Medieval Developments in Western Europe 6th to 10th centuries Europe Breaks Apart Catholic church remains strong after the fall of Rome. Iberia – Arab Muslims take control The Middle Ages last from the fall of Rome (476 AD) to the Renaissance! Scandinavian Viking Raids from 8th to 10 th centuries Literacy declines except among Church officials …In Latin.

4. I. Beginning of the European Middle Ages A. Middle Ages – A period from the fall of Rome to the beginning of the Renaissance (5th cent.-14th cent.) B. Two time periods Dark Ages 1. Dark Ages – 5th through 10th centuries a. Society Declines -- Trade nearly stops (except for salt and iron) -- Cities become less important -- People move to rural areas -- Learning becomes less important -- No common language (Latin evolves) Later Middle Ages 2. Later Middle Ages – 11th through 14th century a. Rebirth: learning, cities, and trade grow Roman road in disrepair

5. C. Manorialism -- Agricultural estate owned by a lord and run by serfs…economic system of the period 1. Relationship between a lord and serf a. Reciprocal obligations – Lords received portions of the crops and labor from the serfs who willingly tied themselves to the land…in return the serfs were protected by the lord’s army b. Paid for use of manor’s mills, pastures, ponds, etc.; worked the lord’s lands 2 – 3 days each week c. Lord had legal authority over serfs d. Serfs needed lord’s permission to marry e. Grew out of the economic collapse of the Western Roman Empire. 2. Agricultural Innovations – 800s a. New plows, three field system – increased output

7. D. Role of the Church on Society & Politics 1. Church copies Roman organizational hierarchy a. Pope appoints bishops, sponsors missionaries 2. Monasticism – Movement to set up monasteries and therefore spread Christianity…rules by St. Benedict a. Spiritual functions of monasteries --Promoted Christian unity and served as examples of holy life b. Secular functions of monasteries --Schools, science (farming), preserved much of the Greco-Roman culture, hospitals Christianity mixed with the native religions that it came into contact with as it expanded.

8. E. Charlemagne and His Heirs…The Franks and Christianity 1. The Carolingians a. Charles Martel – Stopped the Muslims in 732 at Tours

9. b. Charles the Great (Charlemagne) --In 800 was crowned Emperor by the Pope; later this became the “Holy Roman Empire” --Copied Roman central administration --Encouraged education --Missi Domenici…spies --Empire begins to crumble upon his death c. Treaty of Verdun -- 843 --Three kingdoms Charlemagne with elephant - gift from the Muslim Abbasid Dynasty

12. d. End of the Carolingian Dynasty --Three kingdoms…weaker than one…developing separate identities --Invasions: Vikings (Norse), Muslims, and Magyars --These invasions led to the rise of feudalism…Why? Viking Long Boat The Growth of Christianity and the improvement in farming gradually stopped Viking raids.

14. F. Feudalism…Decentralization of Rule 1. Personal relationship between greater and lesser lords a. Military service was given by lesser lords in return for land (fief)…usually large estates 2. Some lords, such as the Capetian kings of France, emerge more powerful as more land comes under their control a. Bureaucracies develop to run the territories; This is the beginning of state formation in Europe

15. 3. William the Conqueror – took control of England at the Battle of Hastings (1066)…defeated King Harold of the Anglo-Saxons a. Was a noble from Normandy (France) --Had a Viking legacy…Normandy was named for the Vikings (Northmen or Norman) b. Brought feudalism to England very quickly…was not gradual as it was in France. William the Conqueror

16. Manorialism/Feudalism Social Pyramid --King – Give & take land; declare war – No day to day control --Powerful Lords – large landowners, also included church bishops – must provide knights for war --Lesser Lords – Small landowners – provide fewer knights --Knights – younger nobles sons – get land if do well in battle --Serfs – bound to the land – do all work on the manor – majority of the population Nobles—Can own land Vassals—Owe service to king

17. European Feudalism

18. G. Limited Government…Power of Nobility vs. Power of Monarch 1. Kingdoms grow large in some areas, not in others a. Monarchs limited by church, nobles, towns

19. 2. Magna Carta – 1215…Document reduces the power of the King of England a. King John recognizes supremacy of written law 3. Representative bodies begin to form a. England’s Parliament, from 1265 4. Monarchs use war to increase in power a. The Hundred Years War --Fight for the French Throne --Fighting shifts away from knights to larger armies

20. H. W. Europe Expands its Borders 1. Germanic knights push into eastern Germany and Poland in the 11 th century 2. Iberian Peninsula – Christians begin to push Muslim forces out of Spain 3. Vikings – Cross Atlantic, but fail to set up lasting settlements; disrupt gov’ts in Europe 4. Crusades – lead to kingdoms in the Holy Land a. Called by Pope Urban II in 1095 b. Initial success, but ultimate military failure c. New contact with Islam – education, culture, government

21. I. Religious Reform 1. Gregorian reform, 11th cent. – Church was too secular a. “Lay Investiture” allowed monarchs to choose high church officials…many non-religious men filled top church posts b. The “Investiture Controversy” erupted between Pope Gregory VII & King Henry IV (Holy Roman Emperor) c. Was settled by the Concordant of Worms in 1122; The Church alone could appoint officials but the king could decide not to give them a fief (virtual veto power). J. Later Middle Ages 1. As the middle ages came to a close, the feudal way of life had to mesh with growing cities and trade. This would lead to a new period called “The Renaissance”.

23. II. Culture of the West During the Middle Ages A. Church Doctrine: Faith vs. Reason 1. Exploration of Greek philosophy, especially Aristotle Why would this be a problem for the religious community of the middle ages? 2. Peter Abelard, 12th century a. Rational examination of doctrine showed inconsistency in church teachings 3. Debate in universities fueled by new info from the Middle East 4. Thomas Aquinas a. Summas – Reason and Faith can coexist Christianity was the dominant part of Western European Culture!!

24. B. Religion of the People 1. Devotion grew during the middle ages C. Religious Influences 1. Romanesque architecture a. Fortress-like…high, small windows

25. 2. Gothic – 11 th Century…open, high arches, vaults, flying buttresses, stained glass windows

26. Example of the flying buttress

28. 3. Literature a. e.g. Song of Roland b. Geoffrey Chaucer, Canterbury Tales c. Dante, Divine Comedy d. Troubadours – traveling entertainers All written or performed in the vernacular!!! The vernacular helped literature become more secular

29. III. Economic & Social Changes in the Later Middle Ages (1000 – 1300 AD) A. Rural living begins to change…Manorialism changes 1. Peasants gain over time…increased agricultural technology helped 2. Increased population increased demand for food a. Lords sought to capitalize on demand by increasing food production b. Lords rented land to serfs…no longer tied to land --Lords increased rents and taxes on peasants to provide income to spend on trade goods c. Food surplus sparked rise in merchant / artisan class B. Limited Role for Women 1. Overall, lose ground 2. Numbers of women joining converts increased

30. C. Trade Returns to Western Europe 1. Commerce expands…Mediterranean zone joined with North Sea, Baltic Sea a. Italian city-states (Venice and Genoa) emerged as dominant trade carriers b. Fairs became centers of long-distance trade 2. Money replaces barter 3. Banking grows a. Capitalism, investing to make a profit, grows

31. 4. Hanseatic League a. Northern Germany, southern Scandinavia 5. Merchants relatively free, but relatively low social status

32. 6. Guilds…Craft associations, protect markets, ensure standards of workmanship, social duties

33. D. Economic growth – Begins in the 10 th century 1. Agricultural improvements – plows, horse collars, etc. a. Increased food production – lead to new wealth and population growth 2. Towns grow…rise of city government (seen by monarch as counter-balance to nobility) 3. Education…instruction mainly by lecture…Why? a. Literacy expands – As trade grew, the need for education also grew b. Cathedral schools in the 11th century – to train future church officials c. Universities in the 13th century began to train workers for areas outside the church --Contacts with the Middle East helped rekindle learning that had been lost for centuries

34. IV. End of the Middle Ages – After 1300 Bubonic Plague (Black Death) --1348 Population outstrips agriculture --Leads to famines Widespread warfare from 1300 to 1500 --Hundred Years War --Weakens feudal order…nobles lose power…rulers begin to establish centralized states. Increased revenue from taxation allows monarchies to hire soldiers…less reliance on vassals for military assistance