1. Overview Today we will be working on the first lab –Data entry into SPSS –Hispanics, Latinas/os, and Chicanas/os Correlation, T-tests, ANOVA

2. How many of you identify as Native American, Indigenous, or American Indian?

3. Hispanic, Latina/o, Chicana/o Colloquial vs. Academic usage Everyday usage vs. origin/history of term (etymology) Emphasis on different heritages –Eliminating, downplaying, or recognizing Native American ancestry in the name is political If European history is more important/primary in group name, it is related to power –Not in the Republican vs. Democrat or Liberal vs. Conservative sense –Domination and Resistance (mostly what I mean when I say political) Important distinction Native American vs. American Indian

4. Native American vs. American Indian

5. Are the original inhabitants of Mexico, such as Mayans, Aztecs, Zapotecs, Raramuri, Mixtec, etc. Native American? American Indian? Erasure of Mexican, South American Native American Identity? Challenge: Some indigenous groups in U.S. refer to themselves as Native American and may exclude people who are native to the Americas from Canada, Mexico, Central and South America

6. Hispanic Hispanic (Hispania = Roman (Italian) name for Spain/Iberian peninsula) –Emphasis is entirely on European (Spanish) heritage –Historically inaccurate (Ignores indigenous background) –Adopted by U.S. government in 1970s (part of the Nixon, a Republican, administration)

7. Hispanic Mexicans technically considered White until Chicano Movement –Does this make sense? Chicana/o Movement partially about claiming both European and Indigenous identity

8. Latina/o From Latins –an early Italian tribe that included the original inhabitants of Rome –Roman domination, like Hispania (Hispanic) –People from places in Central and South America that were colonized by “Latins” –Latino officially adopted by U.S. government in 1997 because people in Western United States preferred the term over Hispanic, which is more prevalent in New Mexico and Eastern U.S.

9. Chicana/o Chicana/o comes from the word Mexicana/o Mexico (Mexicana/o) is not a Spanish word –It is a Nahuatl word which means “Place of the Mexica” –The “Aztecs” actually called themselves Mexica Originally from Aztlan and Aztec means person from Aztlan Aztlan is somewhere in Southwestern United States –Xicano (Nahuatl) is a shortened version of Mexicano (again what the Mexica called themselves) –Chicano is the Spanish spelling because there is no “X” in Spanish (i.e. Stephenson, 1969) –Nahuatl word/identity translated into Spanish Historically accurate –Protest against the erasure of Mexican indigenous heritage(political=domination and resistance)

10. Chicana/o After the Spanish colonized Mexico, what happened to the Mexica? –Catholic, Mestiza/o –Disease, Killed, Cultural laws, Poorest, Treated harshly Chicana/o became a way to call someone dirty/poor Negative connotation Reclaimed during Chicana/o movement, like sexuality movement reclamation of term queer Learning about specific ethnic groups –Historical relationship to Americas and U.S. May make less sense outside of an academic setting Feel free to use any identity you like. It is important to understand the debates and feelings related to identity.

11. Extra Credit Most of you did not know the roots of the identity terms that we all commonly use. Should you? Why do you think most people don’t know? Do you think there are any psychological consequences of not knowing the history/background of these identity terms? If these things are not considered important enough to teach in school, do you see any consequences for the students who use the terms to describe others/themselves? How might this be researched?