1. HOLT World History World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON The French Revolution

2. HOLT World History World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Made up of 3 social classes, known as “estates” Made up of 3 social classes, known as “estates” First Estate was the clergy of Roman Catholic Church First Estate was the clergy of Roman Catholic Church The clergy made up around 1% of the French population The clergy made up around 1% of the French population Second Estate was the nobility Second Estate was the nobility The nobility made up around 2% of the French population The nobility made up around 2% of the French population The Third Estate was the rest of French Population The Third Estate was the rest of French Population Composed of the bourgeoisie: (merchants, professional people like doctors, lawyers, etc), city workers, artisans & peasants (peasants were the largest part of the 3 rd estate, and the poorest). The Third Estates made up 97% of the French population Composed of the bourgeoisie: (merchants, professional people like doctors, lawyers, etc), city workers, artisans & peasants (peasants were the largest part of the 3 rd estate, and the poorest). The Third Estates made up 97% of the French population The Old Regime

3. HOLT World History World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON The Estates-General was a French representative body, with multiple delegates from each Estate The Estates-General was a French representative body, with multiple delegates from each Estate Each Estate got 1 vote; regardless of the number of delegates Each Estate got 1 vote; regardless of the number of delegates The First & Second Estates had historically been exempt from taxes & had always voted together to ensure that this practice continued The First & Second Estates had historically been exempt from taxes & had always voted together to ensure that this practice continued The Estates-General

4. HOLT World History World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Aiding the United States during American Revolution was a main factor in France’s increased debts Aiding the United States during American Revolution was a main factor in France’s increased debts Population growth also contributed to economic problems; higher demand led to higher food prices-many of the peasants couldn’t feed their families Population growth also contributed to economic problems; higher demand led to higher food prices-many of the peasants couldn’t feed their families To fix the nation’s finances, King Louis XVI asks the Estates-General to raise taxes To fix the nation’s finances, King Louis XVI asks the Estates-General to raise taxes The Financial Crisis

5. HOLT World History World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON The Third Estate refused to consent to new taxes unless voting in the Estates-General was changed; they demanded individual votes for every delegate The Third Estate refused to consent to new taxes unless voting in the Estates-General was changed; they demanded individual votes for every delegate Louis XVI agreed, thinking he could count on all the delegates from the 1 st & 2 nd Estates and a minority of the 3 rd Estate delegates to support him Louis XVI agreed, thinking he could count on all the delegates from the 1 st & 2 nd Estates and a minority of the 3 rd Estate delegates to support him Louis was wrong, though-a significant number of 2 nd Estate delegates joined with the 3 rd Estate demanding changes in the government Louis was wrong, though-a significant number of 2 nd Estate delegates joined with the 3 rd Estate demanding changes in the government Realizing his mistake, Louis moved troops into Paris to force the assembly to disband Realizing his mistake, Louis moved troops into Paris to force the assembly to disband The Revolution begins

6. HOLT World History World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON The people of Paris, fearing the king and the army would not allow any changes, took action against the Army, captured the Bastille prison, looted it for weapons and then destroyed it The people of Paris, fearing the king and the army would not allow any changes, took action against the Army, captured the Bastille prison, looted it for weapons and then destroyed it Peasants developed the “Great Fear”, Peasants developed the “Great Fear”, Fear that the Nobles would try to end the Revolution by hoarding food & starving the peasants Fear that the Nobles would try to end the Revolution by hoarding food & starving the peasants This led to even greater resentment of the 1 st & 2 nd Estates This led to even greater resentment of the 1 st & 2 nd Estates The Revolution begins, cont

7. HOLT World History World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON The Third Estate, now calling themselves The National Assembly, tried to end the violence by banning feudalism, outlawing tithes, and canceling dues and rents of peasants The Third Estate, now calling themselves The National Assembly, tried to end the violence by banning feudalism, outlawing tithes, and canceling dues and rents of peasants Issued “The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen” – guaranteed basic human rights and political powers (only applied to men) Issued “The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen” – guaranteed basic human rights and political powers (only applied to men) 1791-drafted a new Constitution, greatly limited the power of the King & divided the government into 3 separate branches: executive, legislative, & judicial 1791-drafted a new Constitution, greatly limited the power of the King & divided the government into 3 separate branches: executive, legislative, & judicial The National Assembly

8. HOLT World History World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON With the drafting of the new Constitution, the National Assembly disbanded, believing the Revolution was over With the drafting of the new Constitution, the National Assembly disbanded, believing the Revolution was over The Executive branch was weak, the real power lay with the legislative branch, known as The Legislative Assembly The Executive branch was weak, the real power lay with the legislative branch, known as The Legislative Assembly Declaration of Pillnitz: European rulers feared revolutionary ideas would spread-Austria & Prussia pledged to help Louis if he were to try to return to power in France Declaration of Pillnitz: European rulers feared revolutionary ideas would spread-Austria & Prussia pledged to help Louis if he were to try to return to power in France Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria in 1792 Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria in 1792 The Legislative Assembly

9. HOLT World History World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON The war with Austria went poorly for the French initially The war with Austria went poorly for the French initially Louis was blamed, as he stood to regain full power if the French were defeated Louis was blamed, as he stood to regain full power if the French were defeated The people called for the Legislative Assembly to depose the king; when they failed to comply, revolutionaries stormed the royal palace & forced the Legislative Assembly to end the Monarchy & to establish a new government The people called for the Legislative Assembly to depose the king; when they failed to comply, revolutionaries stormed the royal palace & forced the Legislative Assembly to end the Monarchy & to establish a new government The End of the Monarchy

10. HOLT World History World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON The National Convention replaced the Legislative Assembly; this would mark the beginning of The First Republic The National Convention replaced the Legislative Assembly; this would mark the beginning of The First Republic The members of the National Convention would be chosen by Universal manhood suffrage – every adult male could vote, regardless of land ownership or social class The members of the National Convention would be chosen by Universal manhood suffrage – every adult male could vote, regardless of land ownership or social class The National Convention

11. HOLT World History World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON France was now at war with an alliance of Great Britain, the Netherlands, Spain, Sardinia, Austria, and Prussia France was now at war with an alliance of Great Britain, the Netherlands, Spain, Sardinia, Austria, and Prussia A counter-revolutionary movement began within France A counter-revolutionary movement began within France The Committee of Public Safety was formed to protect the First Republic from foreign attacks & domestic counter-revolutionaries The Committee of Public Safety was formed to protect the First Republic from foreign attacks & domestic counter-revolutionaries The Committee was given supervisory powers over the executive, legislative, AND judicial branches The Committee was given supervisory powers over the executive, legislative, AND judicial branches Most of the Committee members were part of the Jacobin club, so this period became known as the Jacobin dictatorship Most of the Committee members were part of the Jacobin club, so this period became known as the Jacobin dictatorship Committee of Public Safety

12. HOLT World History World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Committee’s period of greatest power was September 1793 to July 1794, the “Reign of Terror” Committee’s period of greatest power was September 1793 to July 1794, the “Reign of Terror” Revolutionary Tribunal –Created to punished and execute those that were part of or believed to be part of the counterrevolution, but was also used by the leaders of the Jacobin Club to eliminate their political opponents-over 18,000 people were executed Revolutionary Tribunal –Created to punished and execute those that were part of or believed to be part of the counterrevolution, but was also used by the leaders of the Jacobin Club to eliminate their political opponents-over 18,000 people were executed Eventually, the leader of the Jacobin club, Maximillian Robespierre, would be executed himself, thus ending the Reign of Terror & leading to the dissolution of the National Convention Eventually, the leader of the Jacobin club, Maximillian Robespierre, would be executed himself, thus ending the Reign of Terror & leading to the dissolution of the National Convention The Reign of Terror

13. HOLT World History World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Established to replace the National Convetion after the scandalous Reign of Terror Established to replace the National Convetion after the scandalous Reign of Terror Governed by five individuals from the government’s executive branch Governed by five individuals from the government’s executive branch Eliminated universal manhood suffrage Eliminated universal manhood suffrage Weak, corrupt rulers Weak, corrupt rulers The French people were not satisfied with this government The French people were not satisfied with this government The Directory

14. HOLT World History World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Born in 1769 on the French Island of Corsica, attended Military school in France, stood only 5’2” Born in 1769 on the French Island of Corsica, attended Military school in France, stood only 5’2” Strong military leader, he gained control of all northern Italy for France Strong military leader, he gained control of all northern Italy for France Became very popular due to his military victories Became very popular due to his military victories Napoléon takes power as a result of a coup d’état that eliminated 4 Directors, with Napoléon being the sole remaining director Napoléon takes power as a result of a coup d’état that eliminated 4 Directors, with Napoléon being the sole remaining director Napoléon Bonaparte

15. HOLT World History World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Napoléon gave himself unlimited power-Dictator Napoléon gave himself unlimited power-Dictator 1799-1814 Napoleonic Era or Age of Napoleon 1799-1814 Napoleonic Era or Age of Napoleon He wrote a new constitution and put it to the people to vote, which was approved by the people He wrote a new constitution and put it to the people to vote, which was approved by the people After victories over Austria, Russia, and Great Britain, the French people voted to become an empire, with Napoléon as Emperor After victories over Austria, Russia, and Great Britain, the French people voted to become an empire, with Napoléon as Emperor Power permanent and hereditary, virtually identical to the Monarchy of the Old Regime Power permanent and hereditary, virtually identical to the Monarchy of the Old Regime The Napoléonic Era