1. Chapter 1: Chemistry & You

2. Criteria of Science Consistent Consistent Observable Observable Natural Natural Predictable Predictable Testable Testable Tentative Tentative

3. Is it Science? Non-science – movie ratings, food preferences Non-science – movie ratings, food preferences Pseudoscience – phrenology, homeopathy Pseudoscience – phrenology, homeopathy Emerging science – nanochemistry Emerging science – nanochemistry

4. Chemistry The study of chemistry investigates all substances and the changes they can go through. The study of chemistry investigates all substances and the changes they can go through. submicroscopic level submicroscopic level

5. Chemistry Has its roots in the pseudoscience of Alchemy Has its roots in the pseudoscience of Alchemy Separated mixtures and purified chemicals Separated mixtures and purified chemicals Lavoisier and Boyle helped change alchemy into a real science by introducing structure and experimentation. Lavoisier and Boyle helped change alchemy into a real science by introducing structure and experimentation.

6. The Scientific Method Begins Curiosity Curiosity Observation, question, or problem Observation, question, or problem “Hmmmmmm” Let me think about that. “Hmmmmmm” Let me think about that.

7. Hypothesis Scientific Hypothesis : A testable statement about the natural world e.g. Bubbles will last longer in cold temperatures than in warm. Scientific Hypothesis : A testable statement about the natural world e.g. Bubbles will last longer in cold temperatures than in warm. A hypothesis must be testable, and be able to be potentially proven right or wrong. A hypothesis must be testable, and be able to be potentially proven right or wrong.

8. Scientific Method Cont. Experimental Procedures – Steps to test our hypothesis. Experimental Procedures – Steps to test our hypothesis. Results and Analyze your results. Results and Analyze your results. Conclusion - Revise your hypothesis and start over again. Conclusion - Revise your hypothesis and start over again.

9. Control & Variables Variable - what you are testing Variable - what you are testing –Independent Variable – changed by the experimenter. –Dependant Variable –changes in response to the Independent Variable. Control - standard for comparison. Control - standard for comparison.

10. Scientific Method After results are reproducible, scientific studies are published in journals. After results are reproducible, scientific studies are published in journals. Scientists review and critique published work. Scientists review and critique published work. Science is self correcting and tentative. Science is self correcting and tentative.

11. Scientific Theories and Laws Theory – well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations and scientific results. (atomic theory, cell theory) Theory – well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations and scientific results. (atomic theory, cell theory) Strong predictive abilities (Plate tectonics). Strong predictive abilities (Plate tectonics). Scientific Law: Concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations Scientific Law: Concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations e.g., Dalton’s Law, Laws of Thermodynamics, Law of Conservation e.g., Dalton’s Law, Laws of Thermodynamics, Law of Conservation

12. The Scientific Method Remember that it is crucial for the data to be analyzed and then adjust your theory accordingly.

13. Experimentation Remember that after experimentation, the data must be analyzed. Remember that after experimentation, the data must be analyzed. At this point, one of three things can happen. At this point, one of three things can happen. –The hypothesis or theory can be tossed out because the experimental data disproves it. –The theory has to be adjusted through more experimentation. –The data gives enough information where predictions can be made and we have a LAW.

14. Summary The key is to know the steps of the scientific method, especially the last step where an idea; theory or hypothesis, must be adjusted and the experimentation begins again. This loop can go on for centuries. We see this in atomic theory and plate tectonics. The key is to know the steps of the scientific method, especially the last step where an idea; theory or hypothesis, must be adjusted and the experimentation begins again. This loop can go on for centuries. We see this in atomic theory and plate tectonics.