1. Chapter 1: Introduction to Science 1.1 The Nature of Science 1.2 The Way Science Works 1.3 Organizing Data

2. Vocabulary Scientific Notation Precision Significant figures Accuracy

3. Line Graphs Line Graphs: best for showing data that changes x-axis: independent variable (bottom of graph) y-axis: dependent variable (side of graph)

4. Bar Graphs Bar Graphs: useful for comparing data for several individual items Makes large or small differences in data very clear

5. Pie Chart Pie Chart: useful for displaying data that are parts of a whole Add up to 1 or 100%

6. Parts of a Graph Title of Graph Label axis/pie chart UNITS! All data Zero (on line and bar graphs) Set up EQUAL divisions

7. Analyzing Data from Graphs Outliers: data that is abnormally high or low Unusual or rare data Mean: the average (add up all data points and divide by total number of data points)

8. Analyzing Data from Graphs Median: number in the middle when data is displayed from least to greatest Mode: the data that shows up the most often

9. Significant Figures (aka “sig figs”) Rules for Sig Figs: 1.Non-zero digits are ALWAYS significant 2.Any zeros between sig figs ARE significant 3.A final zero or trailing zero in the decimal portion ONLY are significant

10. Sig Fig Examples How many sig figs are in each number? 3.0800 0.00418 7.09 x 10 -5 91,600 0.003005 3.200 x 10 9 250 780,000,000 0.0101 0.00800

11. Significant Figures in calculations: When you +, -, ×, or ÷, your answer should only be as precise as the least precise measurement in the calculation

12. Sig Figs Example: A gummy bear has the dimensions of 1.34 cm long, 0.82 cm wide, and 1.0 cm high. Find the volume of the gummy bear with the correct # of sig figs. (Remember: V = l × w × h)

13. Scientific Notation Why? So scientists can easily express numbers that are very large or very small. What? A simple number (1 or greater AND less than 10) multiplied by a power of 10 Examples: 6.24 × 10 6 2.1 × 10 -2

14. Scientific Notation How? 1.Using original number, move decimal so that the number is one or greater and less than 10. 2.Count how many places the decimal was moved.

15. Scientific Notation If the number you started with is greater than 1, the exponent is POSITIVE If the number you started with is less than 1, the exponent is NEGATIVE Scientific notation can be reversed to write the number in standard form again.

16. Accuracy vs. Precision Accuracy: how close a measurement is to the true value Precision: how exact a measurement is