1. Theories of Human Nature 4220 6.0 D

2. Lecture: Introduction zOntological problem: What is human nature? zEpistemological problem: How does one know what human nature is? How do I know?

3. Epistemology zWhat is the essence of knowledge? zKnowledge is: yA process yA result yObjective ySubjective yAbsolute yRelative

4. Is knowledge possible? Kant’s context: zDogmatism: Simple confidence in the ability to achieve knowledge. zSkepticism: Doubting the possibilities of knowledge. zCriticism: Knowledge is possible under certain circumstances.

5. What is the relationship between reality and knowledge zRealism: There exists a reality independent of our mind. zIdealism: Reality is constructed in our mind (e.g., solipsism: reality exists only in my imagination).

6. What are the means for achieving knowledge? zAuthority: Reference to institutions, teachers, books. zRationalism: Knowledge can (only) be obtained through human reason (lat. ratio). A priori knowledge. E.g., R. Descartes. zEmpiricism: Knowledge derives from our senses and experience. Knowledge is developed a posteriori. E.g., J. Locke (1632-1704).

7. What are the means for achieving knowledge? zKant's Criticism: Merging rationalism and empiricism. “Concepts without perceptions are empty, perceptions without concepts are blind.” zIrrationalism: Knowledge through intuition, emotion, revelation. Truth in painting, in literature, in music! zPragmatism: Emphasizes the practical consequences of theories, definitions, ideas, and concepts.