1. Enabling Deep Demand Response With Supply-Following Loads Jay Taneja (with Prabal Dutta and David Culler) University of California, Berkeley

2. 2 Instrumentation Models Controls Building OS Plug Loads Lighting Facilities Building Instrumentation Models Routing/Control Grid OS Demand Response Load Following Supply Following Grid Facility-to- Building Gen-to- Building Instrumentation Models Control Load Scheduling Temperature Maintenance Supply-Following Loads Storage- to-Building Instrumentation Models Power-Aware Cluster Manager Load Balancer/ Scheduler Web Server Web App Logic DB/Storage Machine Room MR-to- Building Multi-scale Energy Network Gen- to-Grid uGrid- to-Grid Building- to-Grid Wind Modeling

3. 3 Sources and Loads Dispatchable Sources Oblivious Loads Non-Dispatchable Sources Aware Loads

4. California Energy Mix Renewables Portfolio Standard (RPS) 36 of 50 states have set goals Near-term goals range from 10% to 25% California RPS 2008: 10% 2010: 20% 2020: 33%

5. Wind Ramping From a wind farm in Minnesota

6. How to Solve This? Co-locate with energy storage Companion dispatchable energy sources Increase demand-side management – Supply-following Loads – Dispatch energy loads using deeply embedded sensors and actuators

7. Dispatchable Loads Thermostatically-Controlled Loads Maintain the temperature between predetermined constraints Duty-cycled or variable-drive load often using closed-loop feedback Scheduled with Slide Loads Schedule for completion at some point in the future Flexibility of load determined by user – requires change of expectation

8. Measuring “Slack” Slack is the potential of an energy load to be advanced or deferred Measurement in energy (kWh, J, etc.) Provides a metric for control decisions, allows optimization against different criteria

9. Fridge Deployment 18 cu. ft. General Electric Refrigerator/Freezer (at my house!) Four Telos motes with Rel. Humidity, Temperature, and Light Sensors One ACme electricity meter for power measurements Devices on an ad-hoc, IPv6-compatible network (6LoWPAN - blip)

10. Thermostatically-Controlled

11. Scheduled with Slide

12. Heating a House

13. Heater Guardband

14. Supply-Following Heater ObliviousSupply-Following Supercool Supply-Following Wide Guardband

15. Heater Energy Comparison

16. A Population of Fridges

17. Future Directions Reinforcement Learning controller Modeling slack of large-scale Cory Hall loads (e.g. chillers, air handlers, etc.) Actuation on Cory Hall thermostats Building the Intelligent Power Switch using an appliance-level battery

18. Questions? Contact: Jay Taneja

19. Renewables By Hour of Day