1. OUR PLANET Unit 1-4a Understanding Populations For this unit only… Please use the abbreviation Pop. to represent Population. This will greatly reduce the time it takes to write population over & over again.

2. How Do We Evaluate Populations? Which data could be used to describe a puffin population? Three Population Characteristics include… Population Density – The number of individuals in one area Dispersion – How individuals are distributed in an area Even, Clumped, or Random Which are puffins? Growth Rate – Measures changes in population size; Births – Deaths = Growth Rate How is a population affected by a negative growth rate?

3. Populations Can’t Grow Forever How quickly can a population of puffins grow? Reproductive Potential – The maximum number of offspring that a population can produce. A female elephant can theoretically produce 20 million descendants in about 1,000 years. Bacteria can produce 20 million descendants in a week. But a female puffin can only produce one egg per year. Which types of organisms have the greatest reproductive potential – herbivores or carnivores?

4. Populations Can’t Grow Forever How does the environment affect a population? Carrying Capacity – The maximum population that the environment can support for a long period of time What happens when the population size exceeds the carrying capacity? The carrying capacity is generally set by a… Limiting Factor – A resource needed by a population that limits its continual growth; Ex: Sunlight, food, water What are the limiting factors of a puffin population?

5. Larger or Smaller Populations? Two types of limiting factors that affect population size. Density Dependent – Deaths increase as a result of a larger population; Ex: limited resources & predation A crowded population will have less resources to share and attract more predators or Density Independent – Deaths increase regardless of population size; Ex: Natural disasters & Extreme weather

6. Let’s Review… What have you learned in this unit? 1. Explain what a negative growth rate would indicate. 2. Would a school of fish in the ocean show even, clumped or random dispersion? 3. Does a person or a cat have a greater reproductive potential? 4. Describe what happens when a population exceeds its carrying capacity. Why? 5. Is starvation density dependent?

7. OUR PLANET Unit 1-4b Human Populations

8. Human History Demography – The study of human populations The history of our human population was fairly stable until the 1800s when humans experienced… Exponential Growth – A growth rate that continues to increase each year Demographers predict a world population of 8 billion by the year 2025.

9. Forecasting Populations Four factors affect population predictions… 1.Age Structure – The distribution of age in a population Countries with high growth rates have more young people than old people…why? Countries with slow growth rates have even distribution of ages Which country has the highest growth rate? Lowest?

10. Forecasting Populations 2. Survivorship – Percentage of a population that are expected to survive to the next age level –Type 1: Humans (offspring cared for immensely, long life span) –Type 2: Rodents (equal chance of death throughout lifespan) –Type 3:Sea Turtles (lots of offspring, most of which don’t survive) Which curve would humans in developed countries follow? What about developing countries?

11. Forecasting Populations 3. Fertility Rates – The number of babies born per 1,000 women. It’s an average. Most countries have a fertility rate less than 3. Yet an average women in Africa may have as many as 6 kids. What would the fertility rate be if it was replacement level? 4. Migration – Immigration & emigration between countries Which has increased in developed countries, immigration or emigration rates?

12. The End Of Death? Recently, life expectancies (the average age a person dies) has increased dramatically due to… Medicine More Food Clean Water Safe Waste Disposal The average lifespan has increased from 40 years to over 80 years for many developed countries. More successful births and less deaths = larger population

13. How Long Can This Continue? Do these graphs look similar? Where have we seen the graph on the right before? What is the carrying capacity for our human population? 10 Billion people???

14. But Human Populations Are Different! Demographic Transition – A model that describes the four stages of human populations Stage 1 Population is low; Birth & death rates are high Stage 2 Because of education, Births stabilize and death rates decrease as the population grows Stage 3 Large population; Low birth and death rates Stage 4 Population begins to decrease

15. So Maybe There’s Hope If developed countries can spread education and wealth across the globe, there’s a chance we’ll be just fine

16. Let’s Review… What have you learned in this unit? 1. Besides people, what other organisms grow exponentially? 2. Describe the age structure for the people living in your home. 3. List one factor that affects women’s fertility rates. 4. What factors have allowed our life expectancy to increase? 5. Because our population is stable, at which stage is the U.S. in demographic transition?