2.  Theories of Emotion Theories of Emotion  Embodied Emotion Embodied Emotion  Expressed Emotion Expressed Emotion  Experienced Emotion Experienced Emotion  Stress and Health Stress and Health

4.  Emotion Emotion  Physiological arousal  Expressive behavior  Conscious experience

5.  James-Lange theory James-Lange theory

6.  James-Lange theory James-Lange theory

7.  James-Lange theory James-Lange theory

8.  Cannon-Bard theory Cannon-Bard theory

9.  Cannon-Bard theory Cannon-Bard theory

10.  Two-factor theory Two-factor theory  Schachter-Singer

11.  Two-factor theory Two-factor theory  Schachter-Singer

12.  Two-factor theory Two-factor theory  Schachter-Singer

13. THEORIES OF EMOTION

15.  Autonomic nervous system  Sympathetic nervous system ▪ arousing  Parasympathetic nervous system ▪ Calming  Moderate arousal is ideal

16. EMOTIONS AND THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

20.  Different movie experiment

21.  Differences in brain activity  Amygdala  Frontal lobes ▪ Nucleus accumbens  Polygraph Polygraph

22.  Spill over effect  Schachter-Singer experiment  Arousal fuels emotions, cognition channels it

23.  Influence of the amygdala

24.  Arousal fuels emotions, cognition channels it  Some emotional response involves no conscious thinking  Conscious appraisal of situation – must decide if beneficial or harmful to our well-being  Emotions greatly influenced by memories, expectations and interpretations

25.  Nonverbal cues  Duchenne smile

32. Figure 8B.15 Infants’ naturally occurring emotions To identify the emotions present from birth, Carroll Izard analyzed the facial expressions of infants. © 2011 by Worth Publishers (g) Fear (brows level, drawn in and up, eyelids lifted, mouth corners retracted) (e) Surprise (brows raised, eyes widened, mouth rounded in oval shape) (d) Disgust (nose wrinkled, upper lip raised, tongue pushed outward) (c) Interest (brows raised or knitted, mouth softly rounded, lips may be pursed) (b) Anger (brows drawn together and downward, eyes fixed, mouth squarish) (a) Joy (mouth forming smile, cheeks lifted, twinkle in eye) (f) Sadness (brow’s inner corners raised, moth corners drawn down)

33. LEVELS OF ANALYSIS FOR THE STUDY OF EMOTION

37.  Facial feedback Facial feedback

39. Figure 8B.15 Infants’ naturally occurring emotions To identify the emotions present from birth, Carroll Izard analyzed the facial expressions of infants. © 2011 by Worth Publishers (g) Fear (brows level, drawn in and up, eyelids lifted, mouth corners retracted) (e) Surprise (brows raised, eyes widened, mouth rounded in oval shape) (d) Disgust (nose wrinkled, upper lip raised, tongue pushed outward) (c) Interest (brows raised or knitted, mouth softly rounded, lips may be pursed) (b) Anger (brows drawn together and downward, eyes fixed, mouth squarish) (a) Joy (mouth forming smile, cheeks lifted, twinkle in eye) (f) Sadness (brow’s inner corners raised, moth corners drawn down)

40.  Adaptive value of fear  The biology of fear  amygdala

41.  Anger  Evoked by events  Catharsis Catharsis  Expressing anger can increase anger

42.  Happiness  Feel-good, do-good phenomenon Feel-good, do-good phenomenon  Well-being Well-being

43. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 His three-dimensional model describes the relations among emotion concepts. The cone’s vertical dimension represents loss of intensity The circle represents degrees of similarity among the emotions. The 8 sectors are designed to indicate that there are 8 primary emotion dimensions defined by the theory arranged as 4 pairs of opposites.

44.  Watson’s studies

47.  Happiness and Prior Experience  Adaptation-level phenomenon Adaptation-level phenomenon  Happiness and others’ attainments  Relative deprivation Relative deprivation

50.  Health psychology Health psychology  Behavioral medicine Behavioral medicine

51.  Stress Stress  Stress appraisal

52.  Men and women respond differently  Men – socially withdraw, turn to alcohol, become aggressive  Women – nurturing, bonding together (oxytocin)

53.  Selye’s general adaptation syndrome (GAS)general adaptation syndrome (GAS)  Alarm  Resistance  exhaustion

54. STRESS AND ILLNESS GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME

58.  Catastrophes  Unpredictable, larger-scale events  Nearly everyone appraises as threatening  Can have significant health consequences

59.  Significant life changes  Death of a loved one, loss of job, leaving home, marriage/divorce  Often felt during young adulthood (life transitions and insecurities)  Cluster of changes puts one even more at risk for stress-related illnesses

60.  Daily hassles  Everyday annoyances  Some can shrug off annoyances while others easily bothered  Over time, little stressors can add up and take toll on our well-being  Psychological and physical consequences  Depends on personality, coping style and rest of the day

61.  Coronary heart disease Coronary heart disease  Type A versus Type B  Type A Type A  Type B Type B

62.  Psychophysiological illnesses Psychophysiological illnesses  Hypertension  Headaches

63.  Stress affects our resistance to disease  Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)  Psychological, neural and endocrine processes affect our immune system - influence health and wellness  Lymphocytes Lymphocytes ▪ B lymphocytes – bone marrow ▪ T lymphocytes – thymus

64.  Stress and AIDS  Stress and Cancer