1. Paper 3 – Russia 1853-1924

2. Essential Question Why did Tsar Alexander II need to reform Russia? Learning Outcomes - Students will:  Preview – What do you know about Tsarist Russia?  Learn about the Pre-1853 problems within Russia  Discover how to determine historical significance Success Criteria I can explain the historical significance of the Crimean War Lesson 1 – Russia Pre-1853

3.  What do you know about Russia before the Russian Revolution?  Type of Government?  Religion? – Why?  Ethnic Makeup?  Major Historical influences? – Invasions? Preview

4.  Nicholas I  3 pillars  3 rd Section  Russification  Crimean War Vocab Pg. 12~18 1 Lesson

5.  Tsar Nicholas I (1825-55) – state will be organized on 3 pillars 1.Autocracy – all powerful tsar  All reform/reaction will be top-down  Power protected by the 3 rd Section (secret police) 2.Orthodoxy  The main connection between people and state was the Church 3.Nationalism – Russification  1830 – Polish Revolt – Polish army abolished, convert to Orthodox if work in the state service State Organization Why do you think Nicholas chose to rule in this way? (Goal?)

6.  Tsar Alexander I’s army was first to stop Napoleon  ‘Saviour of Europe’  Belief in the mythical strength of the Russian army  After Alexander – inefficient and expensive  Serfs – conscripted into the army for up to 25 years  Harsh discipline and disinterest  Military budget was 45% of budget Military Weakness

7.  Maintain the status quo  Guardian of the monarchies of Europe  Ex. 1848 – suppress the Romanian revolt against Ottomans  Ex. 1830 - Refused to recognize the July Monarchy in France  Ex. 1849 – suppress Hungarian revolt against Austrian Empire Foreign Policy What is Nicholas’ opinion towards change?

8.  Access to the Mediterranean through the Black Sea  This and Ottoman weakness led to the Crimean War (1854)  Worried about their own interests in the area, Britain and France declare war on Russia, who are easily defeated  Why Russia lost?  Navy – still used wooden ships vs. Metal ships of Britain and France  Army – serfs didn’t make good soldiers  Logistics – took longer for Russian army to mobilize  Inefficiency – 1 musket per 2 soldiers Crimean War

9. Finding Historical Significance Tsar – realized how far behind Russia was compared to Europe Russian Army ??????? Was the impact of the lose of the Crimean War long lasting? How many lives were effected by the Crimean War? Based on Russian society, who is most important? Did this event affect him?

10. Historical Significance How does the Crimean War help us understand the reasons for Russian reform?