1. EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 1 EE5900 Advanced Algorithms for Robust VLSI CAD Dr. Shiyan Hu Office: EERC 731 shiyan@mtu.edu Adapted and modified from Digital Integrated Circuits: A Design Perspective by Jan M. Rabaey, Anantha Chandrakasan, and Borivoje Nikolic. Introduction

2. EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction Class Time and Office Hour  Class Time: MWF 14:05-14:55 (EERC 216)  Office Hours: MWF 15:00-15:50 or by appointment, office: EERC 731  Textbook (suggested): Handbook of Algorithms for Physical Design Automation, Charles J. Alpert, Dinesh P. Mehta, Sachin S. Sapatnekar, CRC Press, 2008.  Grading:  Homework 35%  Exams 50%  Project 15% 2

3. EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction Course Website  http://www.ece.mtu.edu/faculty/shiyan/EE5900Spring09.htm  Contact information of instructor  Email: shiyan@mtu.edushiyan@mtu.edu  EERC 731  Instructor’s webpage: http://www.ece.mtu.edu/faculty/shiyanhttp://www.ece.mtu.edu/faculty/shiyan 3

4. EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 4 VLSI Design  Introduction: Issues in digital integrated circuit (IC) design  Device: MOS Transistors  Wire: R, L and C  Fabrication process  CMOS inverter  Combinational logic structures  Sequential logic gates  Timing/power optimizations on gate and interconnect  Design methodologies

5. EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 5 Introduction  Why is designing digital ICs different today than it was before?  What is the challenge?

6. EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction The Transistor Revolution First transistor Bell Labs, 1948

7. EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction The First Integrated Circuit First IC Jack Kilby Texas Instruments 1958

8. EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 8 Intel 4004 Micro-Processor Intel 4004 Micro-Processor 1971 1000 transistors 1 MHz operation

9. EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction Intel 8080 Micro-Processor 1974 4500 transistors

10. EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 10 Intel Pentium (IV) microprocessor 2000 42 million transistors 1.5 GHz

11. EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 11 Moore’s Law lIn 1965, Gordon Moore noted that the number of transistors on a chip doubled every 18 to 24 months. lHe made a prediction that semiconductor technology will double its effectiveness every 18 months

12. EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 12 Moore’s Law Electronics, April 19, 1965.

13. EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 13 Transistor Counts 1,000,000 100,000 10,000 1,000 10 100 1 19751980198519901995200020052010 8086 80286 i386 i486 Pentium ® Pentium ® Pro K 1 Billion Transistors Source: Intel Projected Pentium ® II Pentium ® III Courtesy, Intel

14. EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 14 ITRS Prediction

15. EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 15 Moore’s law in Microprocessors 4004 8008 8080 8085 8086 286 386 486 Pentium® proc P6 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 19701980199020002010 Year Transistors (MT) 2X growth in 1.96 years! Transistors on Lead Microprocessors double every 2 years Courtesy, Intel

16. EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 16 Frequency P6 Pentium ® proc 486 386 286 8086 8085 8080 8008 4004 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 19701980199020002010 Year Frequency (Mhz) Lead Microprocessors frequency doubles every 2 years Doubles every 2 years Courtesy, Intel

17. EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 17 Power Dissipation P6 Pentium ® proc 486 386 286 8086 8085 8080 8008 4004 0.1 1 10 100 197119741978198519922000 Year Power (Watts) Lead Microprocessors power continues to increase Courtesy, Intel

18. EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 18 Power is a major problem 5KW 18KW 1.5KW 500W 4004 8008 8080 8085 8086 286 386 486 Pentium® proc 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 19711974197819851992200020042008 Year Power (Watts) Power delivery and dissipation will be prohibitive Courtesy, Intel

19. EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 19 Power density 4004 8008 8080 8085 8086 286 386 486 Pentium® proc P6 1 10 100 1000 10000 19701980199020002010 Year Power Density (W/cm2) Hot Plate Nuclear Reactor Rocket Nozzle Power density too high to keep junctions at low temp Courtesy, Intel

20. EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 20 Not Only Microprocessors Digital Cellular Market (Phones Shipped) 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Units 48M 86M 162M 260M 435M Analog Baseband Digital Baseband (DSP + MCU ) Power Management Small Signal RF Power RF (data from Texas Instruments) Cell Phone

21. EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 21 Many Chips

22. EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 22 Challenges in Digital Design Ultra-high speed design Interconnect delay and noise Reliability, Manufacturability Power Dissipation Time to market

23. EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 23 Productivity Trends 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 200319811983198519871989199119931995199719992001200520072009 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 100,000,000 Logic Tr./Chip Tr./Staff Month. x x x x x x x 21%/Yr. compound Productivity growth rate x 58%/Yr. compounded Complexity growth rate 10,000 1,000 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 Logic Transistor per Chip (M) 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 Productivity (K) Trans./Staff - Mo. Source: Sematech Complexity outpaces design productivity Complexity Courtesy, ITRS Roadmap

24. EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 24 Why Scaling?  Technology shrinks by 0.7 per generation  With every generation can integrate 2x more functions per chip  Chip price does not increase significantly  Cost of a function decreases by 2x  Great need for ultra-fast design methods  Design Automation (Computer-Aided Design)

25. EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 25 Design Abstraction Enables CAD n+ S G D + DEVICE CIRCUIT GATE MODULE SYSTEM

26. EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 26 Design Metrics  How to evaluate performance of a digital circuit (gate, block, …)?  Speed (delay, operating frequency)  Power dissipation  Cost –Design time –Design effort  Reliability –Process, voltage and temperature variations

27. EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 27 Die Cost Single die Wafer From http://www.amd.com Going up to 12” (30cm)

28. EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 28 Yield

29. EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 29 Defects  is approximately 3 in the current fabrication process About 0.5-1 defect per cm 2.

30. EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 30 Some Examples (1994) ChipMetal layers Line width Wafer cost Def./ cm 2 Area mm 2 Dies/ wafer YieldDie cost 386DX 20.90$9001.04336071%$4 486 DX2 30.80$12001.08118154%$12 Power PC 601 40.80$17001.312111528%$53 HP PA 7100 30.80$13001.01966627%$73 DEC Alpha 30.70$15001.22345319%$149 Super Sparc 30.70$17001.62564813%$272 Pentium 30.80$15001.5296409%$417

31. EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 31 Summary  Digital integrated circuit design faces huge challenges for the coming decades  High speed  Low power  Short design time for highly complex circuit having 1 billion transistors  Reliable under noise and variations