1. Design of Openings (Pipes & Manholes)

3. Design of Neck: Design of Gasket: Choose gasket type according to T & P

5. Design of Bolts:

6. Design of Flange:

8. Design of Flat Cover: (in case of man hole only): Design of Reinforcement Ring: (for openings diameters > 2")

9. Design of Neck:  Take the gasket type the same as the material of construction of the shell.  In the equation of "D og " previously mentioned, put "P act " instead of "P max ". Design of Gasket:

10. Design of Bolts: -The diameter of the bolt (d in ) will be always 1/2". -Calculate Q" b only as it will has the largest value. Design of Flange: - For calculating "D s " we will always use the equation: Design of Flat Cover: -In calculating the thickness of flat cover (t f.c. ), put "P act " instead of "P max " in the equation.

11. 1. An absorption tower uses water to absorb NH 3 from NH 3 – air mixture at 30 ºC and 1.3 atm.g. Its diameter is 1.5 m and the total height of the shell is 3.75 m. Water enters the tower from the top through a pipe of 1.75" diameter while the gas enters from the bottom through another pipe of 6" diameter. The absorber has a dished head and is made from C-steel (σ all = 15000 psi). Calculate: a. Thickness of shell at the top and at the bottom. b. Thickness of heads. c. Thickness of pipes. d. Dimensions of flanges and number of bolts in each.