1. Fatty acids They all have a carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end and a methyl group (CH 3 -) at the other end. A fatty acid has the general formula: CH 3 -(CH 2 )n-COOH where n is typically an even number between 12 and 22 If no double bonds are present the molecule is called a saturated fatty acid. If a chain contains double bonds, it is called an unsaturated fatty acid.

2. SATURATED FATTY ACID Carbons carry as many hydrogens as they can Generally solid at room temperature Has no double bonds between the carbon atoms Shape of the molecule is straight Omega end

3. MONOUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS A double bond exists between two carbons Two spaces are available for two hydrogens to join The lack of hydrogens make the chain to bend The chain can bend at the zone where the double bond is. It will bend differently if the hydrogens are not adjacent.

4. Polyunsaturated fatty acids They have at least two double bonds in the carbon chain Typically come from plants such as olives Tend to be liquid at room temperature It has so many bends that it starts to curve over onto itself or twist around itself

5. HYDROGENATION cis and trans fatty acids In processed foods such as snack and cakes, polyunsaturated fats are often hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated. Double bonds are eliminated by adding hydrogen bonds Hydrogenation straightens the natural bent shape of unsaturated fatty acids Naturally curved fatty acids are called cis fatty acids Hydrogenated straightened ones are called trans The vast majority of trans fatty acids are the results of food-processing factories.

6. HYDROGENATION cis and trans fatty acids

7. Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids

8. Vitamins and minerals VitaminsMinerals Organic compounds Always contain Carbon Synthesized in plants and animals Vitamin A: C 20 H 30 O Vitamin C: C 6 H 6 O 6 Vitamin D: C 27 H 44 O Inorganic compounds Do not contain Carbon Not synthesize by living organisms Na + Ca ² + Fe ² +

9. Questions How can we determine the amount of Vitamin C we need every day? Explain why the difference between saturated fats and unsaturated fats is important in a healthy diet