1. Blood
February 9-10, 2016
Watch until 4:30

2. What is the function of blood?
Transports material throughout the body, including:
Water
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients – glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins)
Electrolytes
Hormones
Immune cells
HEAT!!
Why can you die from blood loss?
Lack of oxygen in heart and brain
Why do we need oxygen?
We need oxygen to do cellular respiration – to convert glucose into ATP

3. What is blood made of? plasma ~55%, platelets & white blood cells ~1%,
red blood cells ~44%

4. Blood Components Plasma (~55% TOTAL VOLUME) ~92% water ~7% proteins
Albumin (osmotic balance)
Fibrinogen (clotting)
Antibodies (immune)
Hormones (regulation)
~1% other solutes
Electrolytes (osmotic and pH balance, regulating membrane permeability)
Nutrients (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids)
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide

5. Blood Components Erythocytes (~44% TOTAL VOLUME) aka red blood cells
tiny!
lack a nucleus, have few organelles
contain hemoglobin – an iron- containing protein that reversibly binds to oxygen (and a small amount of CO2)
How does the structure of erythrocytes facilitate their function?
- very small to fit through small capillaries
- small size and lack of nucleus, most organelles designed to maximize oxygen transport
RBCs are one of smallest in human body (sperm and granule cell in cerebellum are about the same size)

6. Blood Components Leukocytes (< 1% TOTAL VOLUME)
Blood is typically stained with chemicals that bind to certain proteins to aid in identification of cells
Leukocytes (< 1% TOTAL VOLUME)
aka white blood cells
fight pathogens (bacteria, viruses, parasites) and cancer
can leave the blood stream to go to infected tissue – diapedesis
summoned to damaged areas by chemotaxis, move by ameboid motion

7. Blood Components Leukocyte Types
Granulocytes – contain granules in cytoplasm and unusually shaped nuclei
Neutrophils – most numerous leukocyte; phagocytic; abundant during bacterial infection
Eosinophils – kill parasitic worms and increase during allergy attacks
Basophils assist in inflammatory response

8. Blood Components Leukocyte Types
Agranulocytes – lack granules in cytoplasm and have normal nuclei
Lymphocytes – nd most numerous; include B and T cells; produce antibodies and attack infected cells
Monocytes – engulf and destroy pathogens

9. Blood Components Platelets (<1% TOTAL VOLUME) cell fragments
involved in blood clotting
RBCs are one of smallest in human body (sperm and granule cell in cerebellum are about the same size)

10. Review 1: What is blood made of?
Identify each component, and justify your response! A B C D

11. Review 2: Structure & Function
Identify the component of blood that transports each material, and justify your response!
Water
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients – glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins)
Electrolytes
Hormones
Immune cells
HEAT!!

12. Review 3: Compare & Contrast
Turn & Talk – 2 min
Compare & contrast the structure and function of erythrocytes and leukocytes

13. Hemostasis Hemostasis is the process of blood clotting
Occurs when small blood vessel (capillary) is damaged
Clot seals the blood vessel until the it regenerates
Occurs in just 3-6 minutes

14. Process of Hemostasis
Three major events occur, all beginning the moment the vessel is damaged:
Vasoconstriction
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation of blood
Coagulation takes longer, and is completed after vasoconstriction and platelet plug formation occur
45 up to start of hemostasis

15. Process of Hemostasis Watch me!
This is a simplified overview of the clotting cascade

16. Hemostasis: Review & Connections
What is the recommended way to treat a bleeding wound (until you see a doctor)? Why?
Gauze and pressure
The gauze acts much like collagen fibers – provide a rough surface that helps activate platelets.
Pressure manually constricts blood vessels and also increases the release of thromboplastin, which helps initiate coagulation.
Never remove gauze or a bandage from an actively bleeding wound. Why?
Removing the bandage will remove both clotting factors and the beginnings of a platelet plug or blood clot, causes an increase in bleeding.

17. Hemostasis: Review & Connections
How is blood clotting an example of positive feedback? Which part(s) of the process best exemplify positive feedback? (Turn & Talk – 2 min) Platelet plug formation Activated platelets release chemicals that cause more platelets to activate, until a large number of platelets clump together forming a plug.

18. Hemostatic Disorders – Blood Clots
A thrombus is a blood clot that forms in an unbroken vessel. A large thrombus may block blood flow, causing tissue death.
An embolus is a blood clot that forms then breaks away and floats freely in the blood vessels. An embolus may then lodge in a capillary and block blood flow.
coronary thrombosis
cerebral embolism –
pulmonary embolism –

19. Hemostatic Disorders – Blood Clots
A thrombus is a blood clot that forms in an unbroken vessel. A large thrombus may block blood flow, causing tissue death.
An embolus is a blood clot that forms then breaks away and floats freely in the blood vessels. An embolus may then lodge in a capillary and block blood flow.
coronary thrombosis – in heart
cerebral embolism – in brain
pulmonary embolism – in lungs

20. Hemostatic Disorders – Blood Clots
Causes of thrombus
Injury to blood vessel or build-up of fatty plaques
 Both create rough surfaces inside vessel, which may activate platelets
Poor blood circulation
 Clotting factors may accumulate
Immobility increases the risk of deep vein thrombus in legs!

21. Hemostatic Disorders – Blood Clots
Blood thinners (such as warfarin, aspirin, and heparin) can be used to prevent thrombus Aspirin – blocks thromboxane reduces formation of platelet plug Wafarin – blocks production of certain clotting factors reduces coagulation interrupting clotting cascade Heparin – helps inactivate thrombin reduces coagulation by preventing conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin Review your notes – how exactly does each of these reduce clotting?

22. Hemostatic Disorders - Hemophilia
Causes
lack of one or more clotting factors
Recessive sex-linked trait (more common in men)
Symptoms
Prolonged bleeding even from minor injuries
Excessive bruising
Bruised and swollen joints
Excessive clumsiness and falling
Treatment
Intravenous injection of clotting
factors
Donated plasma
Synthetic clotting factors

23. Hematopoiesis Hematopoiesis is the process of blood formation.
Occurs in the red bone marrow
Where is this found?
In babies, nearly all bones have red marrow
In adults, just the flat bones and epiphyses
All blood cells and platelets derive from hemocytoblast stem cells

24. Erythrocyte life cycle and production
Develop in red marrow (for 3-5 days) Eject nucleus, then enter blood stream. Red blood cells life for 3-4 months Digested by phagocytes
Production is controlled by hormone erythropoietin.
Erythropoietin release is stimulated by low levels of O2 in blood.

25. Erythrocyte life cycle and production
Develop in red marrow (for 3-5 days) Eject nucleus, then enter blood stream. Red blood cells life for 3-4 months Digested by phagocytes
Why is there no hormone to decrease RBC production?
High numbers of RBCs don’t cause major problems
High levels are temporary. RBC levels will decline due to death of cells.

26. Erythrocyte life cycle and production
Develop in red marrow (for 3-5 days) Eject nucleus, then enter blood stream. Red blood cells life for 3-4 months Digested by phagocytes
Why do world-class athletes train at high altitude before major competitions?
High altitude has lower oxygen levels, which stimulates the production of erythrocytes
The high levels of erythrocytes will persist for a while after leaving high altitude

27. Closure What were our objectives, and what did you learn about them?
What was our learner profile trait and how did we exemplify it?
How does what we did today address our unit question?

28. Exit Ticket Make mini posters illustrating the following terms.
The posters should
be in color
prominently feature the term
have both a picture
a definition / explanation of the term

29. Exit Ticket Neutrophil hemostasis Fibrin hemophilia Basophil Serotonin
fibrinogen
agglutination
Eosinophil
Platelet plug
Platelet factor 3
Albumin
Lymphocyte
Thromboplastin
coagulation
Antibody
Monocyte
Prothrombin
Clotting factor
Antigen
platelet
thrombin
vasoconstriction
Plasma
hemocytoblast
erythropoietin
Thrombus
Erythrocyte
hemotopoeisis
Prothrombin activator
embolus
leukocyte