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Notes on Classification/Taxonomy
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Why Classify? To study the diversity of life, biologists use a classification system to name organisms & group them in a logical manner.
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Why common names don’t work Common names vary among languages. Example: United Kingdom – Buzzard refers to a hawk United States – Buzzard refers to a vulture Red-tailed HawkHoney BuzzardTurkey Vulture
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Another Example: Dolphin Dolphin Tursipos truncatus Mahi mahi
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Taxonomy – science of classifying living organisms “Father of Taxonomy” – Carolus Linnaeus (Swedish Botanist)
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he set up the system we use today he recognized species on the basis of structural similarity
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he gave them scientific names made up of Latin words
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This system is called binomial nomenclature (two-word naming) the first word is the genus (which is always capitalized) and the second is the species Rosa gallica both are underlined or italicized
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Example of Binomial Nomenclature Polar Bear is Ursus maritimus Ursus: genus Ursus contains 5 other kinds of bears U. maritimus: species The Latin word, maritimus, refers to the sea. Polar bears often live on pack ice that floats in the sea.
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Genus Genus : is a group of closely related species Species Species : Group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring
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Family Family: Group of genera that share many characteristics Order Order: Group of similar families Class Class: Group of similar orders Phylum Phylum: Group of closely related classes Kingdom Kingdom: Largest taxonomic group, consisting of closely related phyla.
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Are these animals members of the same species? X= horsedonkeymule (sterile) No
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In taxonomy, a group or level of organization is called a taxonomic category or taxon.
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Organizing the Taxa Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species All living things
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Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Carnivora Family Ursidae Genus Ursus Species maritimus Kingdom Animalia
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Human Classification Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: sapiens
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Scientific name of man - Homo sapiens (wise man)
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How to remember: Da King Phillip Came Over For Grape Soda Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
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New Species Video Clips Classification (4 min) New Species (1 min)
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The Three-Domain System There are 3 Domains: Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya There are 6 Kingdoms: (in order from least complex) Eubacteria Protista ArchaebacteriaFungi Plantae Animalia
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The Three-Domain System Domain Bacteria Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Archaea Kingdom Archaebacteria Domain Eukarya Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
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Kingdom Archaebacteria Unicellular Prokaryote Cell walls withOUT Peptidoglycan Autotrophic or heterotrophic Extremophiles – Love extreme environments like inside the guts of animals, volcanoes, hydrothermal vents, and hot springs Archaea Hydrothermal Vent Hot Springs Volcanoes
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Kingdom Eubacteria Unicellular Prokaryote Cell walls with Peptidoglycan Autotrophic or heterotrophic All other bacteria you encounter everyday E. coli Staphlycoccus Streptococcus Streptococcus
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Kingdom Protista Unicellular or Multicellular eukaryote Autotrophic or heterotrophic Some have cell walls of cellulose and chloroplasts Live either solitary or in colonies Amoeba Euglena Paramecium Video Clip: Amoeba
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Kingdom Fungi Unicellular or Multicellular eukaryote Cell walls made of Chitin Heterotrophs Yeast Mushrooms
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Kingdom Plantae Multicellular eukaryote Cell walls made of Cellulose Contain chloroplasts Autotrophs nonmotile Trees & Grass Moss Venus Fly Trap
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Kingdom Animalia Multicellular eukaryote NO cell walls or chloroplasts Heterotrophs Motile (at least for some part of their life cycle) Worms Insects Jellyfish Giraffes
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3 Domains – 6 Kingdoms “Tree of Life” Cladogram
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Where do viruses go? Viruses: Are particles of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases lipids that can reproduce ONLY by infecting living cells. Viruses are made of a core of either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat - capsid. These are T4 Bacteriophages A bacteriophage is a virus which infects bacteria
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Viruses are not considered alive because they don’t have ALL the characteristics of life. Example: They can’t reproduce independently These are the Influenza Viruses Influenza or "flu" is an infection of the respiratory tract that can affect millions of people every year.
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The protein in the capsid “tricks” the host cell into allowing the virus inside once inside it takes over, putting the genetic program of the virus into effect
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Common diseases caused by viruses: Polio,measles,AIDS,mumps, influenza,yellow fever,rabies, common cold,cancer
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Body cavity - coelom A coelom is a true, main body cavity that surrounds internal organs Body Cavities
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it is important in classifying animals and in the study of evolution
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Symmetry – general form of an organism 3 basic types: (except in snails and amoeba which are asymmetrical) Symmetry
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1. Spherical – a ball (sphere) any axis through the center will divide in half
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2. Radial – axes radiate like the spokes of a wheel
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3. Bilateral – 2 sided axis will divide into similar halves one side is a mirror image of the other
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Body regions for bilateral symmetry: dorsal – back or upper surface ventral – stomach (abdomen) or lower surface anterior – front end posterior – hind or rear end (tail, caudal)
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medial – towards the midline lateral - side proximal – part of the appendage which is attached distal – part of the appendage which is free
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dorsal ventral posterior anterior medial lateral proximal distal
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Reproduction 2 types of reproduction: 1. Asexual – the formation of offspring without the fusion of sperm and egg (gametes) in most cases, the offspring are genetically identical to the parent
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only needs one organism to produce offspring
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Types of Asexual Reproduction a. Binary fission – genetic material is copied and then distributed to new identical cells Examples: bacteria and some protists
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b. Budding – outgrowth form from the parent that eventually pinch off to form new individual Examples: yeast and hydra
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c. Spore formation – production of many spores from a primary spore cell Example - fungi
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d. Regeneration – the ability to replace lost or injured body parts Examples – starfish and planaria
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2. Sexual – involves the fusion of sperm and egg (gametes) offspring are not genetically identical to parents two parents are needed to produce offspring
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