1. Classification Go to Section:

2. _________________ ______ Supermarkets

3. The Challenge Biologists have identified and named approximately 1.5 million species so far. They estimate that between 2 and 100 million species have yet to be identified.

4. 1. Why Classify? –To study the diversity of life –To organize and name organisms 2. Why give scientific names? –Common names are misleading Finding Order in Diversity Go to Section: jellyfishsilverfishstar fish None of these animals are fish!

5. Some organisms have several common names Go to Section: This cat is commonly known as: Florida panther Mountain lion Puma Cougar Scientific name: Felis concolor Scientific name means “coat of one color” Why Scientists Assign Scientific Names to Organisms

6. Origin of Scientific Names By the 18 th century, scientists realized that naming organisms with common names was confusing. Scientists during this time agreed to use a single name for each species. They used Latin and Greek languages for scientific names.

7. Slide # 6 Linnaeus: The Father of Modern Taxonomy Go to Section: Carolus Linnaeus 1732: Carolus Linnaeus developed system of classification – binomial nomenclature a.Two name naming system b.Gave organisms 2 names Genus (noun) and species (adjective) Rules for naming organisms 1. Written is Latin (unchanging) 2. Genus capitalized, species lowercase 3. Both names are italicized or underlined EX: Homo sapiens: wise / thinking man

8. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Go to Section: Linnaeus’s System of Hierarchy Least specific Most specific 1.Which of the following contains all of the others? a.Familyc. Class b.Species d. Order 2.Based on their names, you know that the baboons Papio annubis and Papio cynocephalus do not belong to the same: a.Familyc. Order b.Genusd. Species

9. SPECIES

10. Binomial Nomenclature Example For example, the polar bear is named Ursus maritimus. The genus, Ursus, describes a group of closely related bear species. In this example, the species, maritimus, describes where the polar bear lives—on pack ice floating on the sea.

12. Modern Classification Linnaeus grouped species into larger taxa, such as genus and family, based on visible similarities. Darwin’s ideas about descent with modification evolved into the study of phylogeny, or evolutionary relationships among organisms.

13. Modern Classification Modern biologists group organisms into categories representing lines of evolutionary descent. Species within a genus are more closely related to each other than to species in another genus. Genus: FelisGenus: Canis

14. Similarities in DNA and RNA Scientists use similarities and differences in DNA to determine classification and evolutionary relationships. They can sequence or “read” the information coded in DNA to compare organisms.

15. Kingdoms and Domains In the 18 th century, Linnaeus originally proposed two kingdoms: Animalia and Plantae. By the 1950s, scientists expanded the kingdom system to include five kingdoms.

16. The Five Kingdom System

17. The Six Kingdom System In recent years, biologists have recognized that the Monera are composed of two distinct groups. As a result, the kingdom Monera has now been separated into two kingdoms: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria, resulting in a six- kingdom system of classification.

18. The Three-Domain System Scientists can group modern organisms by comparing ribosomal RNA to determine how long they have been evolving independently. This type of molecular analysis has resulted in a new taxonomic category—the domain.

19. The Three Domains The three domains, which are larger than the kingdoms, are the following: Eukarya – protists, fungi, plants and animals Bacteria – which corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria. Archaea – which corresponds to the kingdom Archaebacteria.

20. Classification of Living Things The three-domain system BacteriaArchaeaEukarya Eubacteria Archae- bacteria ProtistaPlantaeAnimalia The six-kingdom system Fungi

22. Hierarchical Ordering of Classification Go to Section: As we move from the kingdom level to the species level, more and more members are removed. Each level is more specific.

23. ARCHAE BACTERI A EUBACTE RIA PROTISTFUNGUSPLANTANIMAL Number of Cells (single/multi) Single (except algae) Multi (except yeast) Multi Prokaryotic/ Eukaryotic Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Producer/ Consumer Both Consumer (decompos er) ProducerConsumer Mobile/Non-mobileBoth Non- mobile Mobile Cell Wall (yes/no) Sometimes NoYes (Chitin) Yes (Cellulose) No

24. Answer the questions using this chart: ABCDE KINGD OM AnimailiaAnimaliaAnimailiaAnimaliaAnimailia PHYLU M Chordata CLASSMammaliaMammailiaMammaliaMammailiaReptilia ORDERCarnivoraCetaceaCarnivoraCetaceaEusuchia FAMILYCanidaeDolphinida e HyaenidaeDolphinidaeCercapithecida e GENUSLycaunTursiopsHyaenaOrcinusCrocodylus SPECIESpictusaduncusbrunneaorcaacutus

25. Kingdom Archaebacteria Go to Section: Cell TypeProkaryote Number of Cells Unicellular NutritionAutotroph or Heterotroph LocationExtreme Environments Volcanoes, Deep Sea Vents, Yellowstone Hot Springs Cell WallSometimes ExamplesMethanogens Thermophiles

26. Kingdom Archaebacteria Archaebacteria: –Some scientists believe that archaebacteria are the oldest living organisms. –They live in extreme environments such as sulphur springs, deep-sea volcanic vents, the great salt lake, intestines of mammals, and the reactors in nuclear power plants. –Can be autotrophs (live near cracks in the ocean floor)

27. Kingdom Eubacteria Go to Section: E. coli Streptococcus Cell TypeProkaryote Number of CellsUnicellular NutritionAutotroph or Heterotroph LocationEverywhere! Cell WallSometimes ExamplesStreptococcus, Escherichia coli (E. coli)

28. Kingdom Eubacteria Eubacteria: –These are the bacteria that we are more familiar with. –They are classified according to their shape and their reaction to Gram staining.

29. Kingdom Eubacteria Some bacteria are heterotrophs. –They must rely on other organisms as a food source. –Parasitic- get the nutrients they need by feeding on living organisms. –Saprotrophs- feed on dead organisms and organic wastes.

30. Kingdom Eubacteria Some bacteria are autotrophs. –Photosynthetic autotrophs- contain chlorophyll and live in habitats where they get enough light to go through photosynthesis. –Chemosynthetic autotrophs- can also make organic molecules for food, but they do so by breaking down inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen and sulfur.

31. Kingdom Protista Go to Section: Paramecium Green algae Amoeba Cell TypeEukaryote Number of CellsMost Unicellular, some multicellular NutritionAutotroph or Heterotroph Cell WallSometimes ExamplesAmoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, The “Junk-Drawer” Kingdom

32. Kingdom Protista Kingdom Protista is called the catch all kingdom because it contains so many organisms that don’t fit into other kingdoms. They can be unicellular or multicellular; microscopic or large; autotrophs or heterotrophs. All protists are eukaryotes.

33. Kingdom Protista Pseudopods- used by some protists for movement

34. Kingdom Protista Contractile vacuole- when water enters the protist, the contractile vacuole contracts and pushes the water back out. –Used by protists that live in hypotonic environments to keep them from swelling and bursting.

35. Kingdom Protista Animal-like protists: –Called protozoans –Single celled –Ex.- amoeba, which moves by using pseudopods and doesn’t have a cell wall –Other protozoans move by cilia or flagella –Can cause diseases such as malaria

36. Kindom Protista Plant-like protists: –Algae- carry out photosynthesis, but do not have roots, stems, leaves, or flowers like plants. Some algae contain other color pigments and appear red, brown, or golden. Can be unicellular or multicellular and meters long –Diatoms- unicellular protists that have a glasslike outer shell.

37. Kingdom Protista Fungus-like protists: –Decompose dead organisms –Able to move from place to place for part of their life cycle (true fungi cannot) –Include slime-molds, downy mildews, and water molds. –Very colorful

38. Kingdom Fungi Go to Section: Mushroom Cell TypeEukaryote Number of CellsMost multicelluar, some unicelluar NutritionHeterotroph Cell WallMade of Chitin ExampleMushroom, yeast, mildew, mold Most Fungi are DECOMPOSERS

39. Kingdom Fungi Can grow anywhere there is moisture Do not contain chlorophyll (this is why they are not considered plants!) Are heterotrophs Fungus get their food by extracellular digestion –They send out hyphae into their food source. These hyphae release enzymes that break down the food into molecules that can be absorbed directly by the hyphae.

40. Kingdom Fungi Have cell walls made of chitin Some are saprophytes –Mushrooms –Feed on dead organic matter Lichens- a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a green alga living close together. –Lichens help break down rocks into soil so that plants can grow.

41. Kindom Fungi Fungi can reproduce sexually, asexually, or both. –Yeasts reproduce asexually by budding or by fission. –Mushrooms reproduce sexually by forming spores (haploid) that must germinate and fuse to produce a new mushroom. –Bread molds and other fungi can reproduce sexually when conditions are right, or by asexual spores.

42. Kingdom Plantae Go to Section: Ferns : seedless vascular Sunflowers: seeds in flowers Douglas fir: seeds in cones Mosses growing on trees Cell TypeEukaryote Number of CellsMulticellular NutritionAutotroph Cell WallMade of cellulose ExamplesMosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants

43. Kingdom Animalia Go to Section: Sage grouse Poison dart frog Bumble bee Sponge Jellyfish Hydra Cell TypeEukaryote Number of CellsMulticellular NutritionHeterotroph Cell WallNone ExamplesSponges, worms, insects, fish, mammals

44. Cladogram An evolutionary tree that suggests how species may be related Over evolutionary time, certain traits in a group of species, or clade, stay the same. Other traits change.

45. Derived Characters Derived characters are traits that are shared by some species but not by others The more closely related species are, the more derived characters they will share Derived characters are shown as hash marks

46. Nodes Each place where a branch splits is called a node. Nodes represent the most recent common ancestor shared by a clade.

47. What do the house cat and the turtle have in common? What does the leopard have in common with the wolf? What organisms are most closely related?