1. Flow work In an open system, there is a flow of mass across the system boundary. Work required to push the mass into and out of the open system is flow work. Let us consider a small element. V = volume of the small element M= mass of the small element F = Force exerted on the small element by fluid immediately upstream of it. A= cross sectional area of the fluid element. F=P * A Workdone to push the small fluid element across the boundary ( W) = Force X Distance = F x L = (P * A ) * L = P (A * L) = P* V …………..Joule W/m = P *( V/m ) w = P * v ………. Joule/kg

2. Home work How does the current flowing through a resistor represent work? What is shaft work?

3. Specific heats The specific heat is defined as the energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree

4. Specific heat Specific heat at constant volume C v Definition: The energy required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a substance by one degree as the volume is maintained constant. Specific heat at constant pressure C p Definition: The energy required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a substance by one degree as the pressure is maintained constant.

5. Cp > Cv