1. Unlocking The History of Medicine

2. Primitive Times  Believed that illness and diseases were a punishment from the Gods  First physicians were witch doctors who treated illness with ceremonies

3. Primitive Times  Herbs and plants were used as medicine examples: –Foxglove plants leaves were chewed to strengthen & slow heart – Now given by pills, IV, or injections

4. Trepanation  One of the first surgeries  A hole was cut into the skull to release demons  What are some of the possible complications of this treatment?

5. Egyptians  First to keep accurate health records  Wrote prescriptions on papyrus  Physicians were priests  Temples were used as places of worships, medical schools, and hospitals

6. Egyptians (3000 BC- 300 BC)  Embalming led to increased understanding of anatomy and diseases  Was done by special priests, not doctor priests  Gauze used to wrap bodies is much like the surgical gauze used today  Strong antiseptics kept bodies from decaying

7. Egyptians (3000 BC- 300 BC)  Leeches would be use for bloodletting (draining human blood)  Does not hurt because their saliva contains a natural anesthetic  Their saliva also contains a blood thinner, a vasodilator, and an agent that prevents bacteria from infecting the wound  FDA has recently approved use of leeches as a medical treatment.

8. Ancient Chinese (1700 BC–AD 220)  Religion prohibited dissection  Believed you had to treat both the body and spirit  Recorded a pharmacopoeia of medications based on herbs  Therapies included acupuncture

9. Greeks (1200 BC –200 BC)  Made observations about the human body and the effects of disease that led to modern medical sciences  Believed illness is a result of natural causes

10. Greeks (1200 BC –200 BC)  Used therapies such as massage, art therapy and herbal treatments  Discovered that diet and cleanliness could prevent disease

11. Romans (753 BC – AD 410)  They established the first public health and sanitation systems by building sewers and aqueducts  Treated disease with diet, exercise, and medication

12. Romans (753 BC – AD 410)  Rooms in doctors houses where they cared for solders became the first hospitals  Believed body was regulated by 4 humors that had to stay balanced to prevent illness (blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile)

13. Dark Ages (AD 400 – AD 800)  Study of medicine was prohibited  Emphasis was on saving the soul  Monks and priests treated patients with prayer

14. Middle Ages (AD 800 –AD 1400)  Bubonic Plague killed 75% of the population in Europe and Asia  Medical Universities were created  There was renewed interest in medical practices of the Greek and Romans

15. Middle Ages (AD 800 –AD 1400)  Arab physicians used chemistry to advance pharmacology  Arabs begin requiring physicians to pass examinations and obtain licenses

16. Renaissance ( AD 1350–AD 1650)  Dissection of the body led to an increased understanding of anatomy and physiology  Invention of the printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared.  First anatomy book by Andreas Vesalius, was published

17. 16 th, 17 th, and 18 th Centuries  Invention of the microscope in 1666 allowed doctors to see disease-causing organisms  Apothecaries led to development of pharmacies

18. 16 th, 17 th, and 18 th Centuries  Edward Jenner developed the first vaccination to prevent the spread of smallpox in 1796

19. 19 th Century  Formal training for nurses led by Florence Nightingale began  Infection control methods were developed once microorganisms were associated with disease

20. 20 th Century  Gained an increased knowledge about the role of blood in the body:  ABO blood groups discovered  Determined how white blood cells protect against disease

21. 20 th Century   New medicines were developed: –Insulin to treat diabetes –Antibiotics to fight infections caused by bacteria –Vaccines to prevent people from getting diseases caused by viruses

22. 20 th Century  New machines were developed: –Kidney dialysis machine –Heart lung machine –Computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan

23. 20 th Century  Surgical and diagnostic techniques were developed to cure once fatal conditions:  Organ transplants  Limbs reattached  Test tube babies  Amniocentesis  Implanted first artificial heart

24. 20 th Century  Health care plans developed to help pay the cost of health care  Medicare and Medicaid marked the entry of the federal government into the health care arena  HMO’s provided an alternative to private insurance  Hospice was organized

25. 16 th -18 th Centuries Medical Advances  Cause of diseases not known-many people died from infections.  Invention of the microscope allowed physicians to see disease-causing organisms.  Apothecaries led to development of pharmacies  First vaccination developed-Smallpox

26. 19 th Century Medical Advances  Formal training for nurses began.  Infection control developed once microorganisms were associated with diseases.  Viruses discovered in 1892.  Women became active participants in health care.

27. 20 th Century Medical Advances: Blood  Increased knowledge about the role of blood in the body.  ABO blood groups discovered.  Discovery of white blood cells protection against diseases

28. 20 th Century Medical Advances: Medications  Insulin was used to treat diabetes.  Antibiotics used to fight infections.  Vaccines for immunizations

29. 20 th Century Medical Advances: Machines  Kidney Dialysis  Heart Lung

30. 20 th Medical Advances: Surgical and Diagnostic Techniques  Organ transplants  Test tubes babies  Implantation of the artificial heart

31. 20 th Century Medical Advances: Health Insurance Plans  Medicare and Medicaid-entry of the federal government into the health care arena.  HMOs provided an alternative to private insurance.  Hospice was organized.

32. Historical Contributions  Hippocrates (460-377 BC)  Greek physician “Father of Medicine”  Hippocratic Oath-authored code of conduct for physicians that is based on medical practices.  Believed illness were not caused by evil spirits and stressed importance of good diet, fresh air, cleanliness and exercise.

33. Historical Contributions  Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)  Invented the microscope that allowed visualization or organisms.  Scraped his teeth and observed the bacteria that causes tooth decay.

34. Historical Contributions  Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)  Invented bifocals  Found that colds could be passed from person to person (communicable).

35. Historical Contributions  Edward Jenner (1749-1823)  Developed the Smallpox vaccine

36. Historical Contributions  Rene Laennec (1781-1826)  Invented the stethoscope in 1819.  First stethoscope was made of wood.

37. Historical Contributions  Elizabeth Blackwell-First female physician in the US (1849)

38. Historical Contributions  Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)  The “Founder of Modern Nursing”  Established efficient and sanitary nursing units during the Crimean War in 1854.  Invented the call bell system and used of dumbwaiters to deliver meals to soldiers.  Began the professional education of nurses.

39. Historical Contributions  Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)  The “Father of Microbiology”  Germ Theory proved the microorganism caused disease.  Proved that heat can be used to destroy germ via pasteurization  Developed Rabies vaccine in 1885  Established basis rules for sterilization.

40. Historical Contributions  Joseph Lister (1827-1912)  Used Carbolic Acid on wounds to kill germs.  First physician to use an antiseptic during surgery.

41. Historical Contributions  Clara Barton (1821-1912)  Volunteer nurse for wounded soldiers during the Civil War.  Established a bureau or records to search for missing soldiers.  Campaigned for the US to sign the Treaty of Geneva.  Founded the American Red Cross in 1881.

42. Historical Contributions  Robert Koch (1843-1910)  Developed cultural plates method to identify pathogens.  Isolated the bacterium that caused Tuberculosis.

43. Historical Contributions  Wilhelm Roentgen (1845-1923)  Discovered roentgenograms (X-rays) 1895.  Used wife’s hand for X-Ray discovery.  Allowed physicians to see inside the body.

44. Historical Contributions  Sigmund Freud (1836-1939)  Discovered the conscious and unconscious part of the mind.  Studies were the basis for Psychology and Psychiatry.

45. Historical Contributions  Sir Alexander Fleming (1881-1955)  Discovered Penicillin in 1928-considered one of the most important discoveries of the 20 th century.

46. Historical Contributions  Jonas Salk (1914-1995)  Albert Sabin (1906-1993)  Discovered Polio vaccine.  Saved many people from the virus that paralyzed thousands of adults and children.

47. Historical Contributions  Francis Crick and James Watson  Described the structure of DNA and how it carries genetic information in 1953.  Built a three-dimensional model of the molecules of DNA.  Won/shared the Nobel Peace Prize in 1962.

48. Historical Contributions  Christian Barnard  Performed the first successful heart transplant in 1968 (South Africa)

49. Historical Contributions  Benjamin Carson  Director of Pediatric Neurosurgery at Johns Hopkins University.  Famous for separating conjoined Siamese twins.  Refined the hemispherectomy-surgery on the brain to stop seizure activity.

50. The End