1. Dr. Hidayathulla Shaikh, Lecturer, College of Dentistry, Majmaah University.

2. Objectives  To explain classical conditioning theory  To explain operant conditioning theory  To explain cognitive development theory

3. Introduction  Human personality is the characteristic patterns of thought, emotion and behavior.  That define individuals personal style and influences his or her interactions with the environment.  Oral habit development, fear and anxiety formation are some of the aspects of personality, which are of interest in dental profession.

4. Behavior Learning Theories 1) Classical conditioning theory 2) Operant conditioning theory 3) Cognitive development theory

5. 1) Classical conditioning theory  Ivan pavlov proved that the two events observed to occur together would tend to be associated or paired together by the observer.  By pairing the response reflex can be shifted from one stimulus to the another.

6.  An application of this theory into dental situation is the example of a young child entering the dental clinic.  Now he is presented with the sound of the hand piece, this can evoke anxiety.  The dentist holding hand piece is another stimulus, later just mere sight of dentist with out hand piece may bring anxiety.

7. 2) Theory of Operant Conditioning  Skinner explained the main concept of this theory is that individual learns to produce voluntary response.  The individuals response changes as a result of previous responses.  Here the behaviors which operate or control the environment are called operants.  The relation between operants and consequences is called contingency.

8.  Operant conditioning is classified into four contingency arrangements – 1) Positive reinforcement  Occurs when a behavior good or bad is followed by a rewarding event.

9. 2) Negative reinforcement  Occurs when a behavior is followed by the termination of an aversive event. 3) Punishment  Exists when a behavior is followed by the onset of an aversive event. 4) Time out or response cost  Refers to a behavior followed by the termination of a positive event.

10. 3) Theory of Cognitive Development  Jean piaget stated the word cognitive refers to elements of perception, awareness, judgment and the ability to comprehend empirical knowledge.  The central concept of this theory is ‘operations’.  These operations are actions which the individual performs mentally and which can be reversible.  The progress of cognition involves 3 steps – assimilation, accommodation and equilibrium.

11. 1) Assimilation – the child learns the flying object in the sky are birds, but when he see helicopter, he cannot assimilate it to a bird because of size, shape and noise. 2) Accommodation – when his parents tell him about helicopter he learns new word and knows the difference between the two. 3) Equilibrium – as he gains new knowledge he will be in a state of equilibrium.

12. Frankel’s Behavior Rating Scale Rating 1 - Definitely negative  Refusal of treatment; crying forcefully, fearful, or any other evidence of extreme negativism

13. Rating 2 - Negative  Reluctance to accept treatment; uncooperative; some evidence of negative attitude but not pronounced, i.e., sudden withdrawal.

14. Rating 3 - Positive  Acceptance of treatment; at time of cautious; willingness to comply with the dentist, at time with reservation, but patient follows the dentist’s directions cooperatively.

15. Rating 4 - Definitely positive  Good rapport with dentist; interested in the dental procedures; laughing and enjoying the situation

16.  Thank you  Have a nice day ahead.