1. Voice Production Speech involves the intermittent release of expired air and the opening and closing of the glottis Sound originates from the vibration of the vocal folds, but other structures are necessary for converting the sound into recognizable speech

2. Voice Production As the length and tension of the cords change, the pitch of the sound varies. Generally the tenser the cords, the faster they vibrate and the higher the pitch. The glottis is wide when we produce deep tones and narrow to a slit for high-pitched sounds.

3. Vowel sounds – contract/relax muscles in pharynx Enunciate words – muscles of face, tongue, and lips Whispering – vocal folds don’t vibrate  changing shape of oral cavity while enunciating produces speech Voice Production

4. Loudness depends on the force with which air rushes across the vocal cords. Greater force  stronger vibration  louder Voice Production

5. During puberty a boy’s larynx enlarges and his true vocal cords become longer and thicker  vibrates slower  voice becomes deeper (voice “cracks” until he learns to control the larger true vocal cords)

6. Laryngitis Inflammation of the vocal folds  interferes with their vibration  changes voice tone, hoarseness, or inability to talk. Caused by overuse, dry air, bacterial infection, tumors on vocal folds, inhalation of irritating chemicals

7. Trachea “Windpipe” Descends from the larynx Ringed tube of cartilage. C-rings: tracheal cartilages to help prevent the trachea from collapsing.

8. Trachea Ends by dividing into the two main bronchi. The last tracheal cartilage is called the carina

9. Tracheostomy Used to reestablish air flow past an obstruction superior to the larynx Small incision is made into the trachea and a tube is inserted through the incision

10. Bronchi Starts at the tracheal branch (carina) Right and left main (primary) bronchi are formed at the division of the trachea

11. Once inside the lungs each main bronchus subdivides into lobar (secondary) bronchi  serves each lobe 3 right 2 left Bronchi

12. The lobar bronchi branches into segmental (tertiary) bronchi, which keep dividing into smaller and smaller branches About 23 orders of branching!! Bronchi

13. Often called the bronchial or respiratory tree because of all of the branching Bronchi

14. Tissue mimics that of the trachea, but as the conducting tubes become smaller: 1.Cartilage rings are replaced by irregular plates of cartilage (bronchioles no cartilage) 2.Epithelium types changes 3.Amount of smooth muscle increases Bronchi - Changes

15. Bronchioles Passageways smaller than 1mm are called bronchioles (“little bronchi”) Tiniest are the terminal bronchioles (<.5mm)

16. Bronchioles Respiratory zone begins as the terminal bronchioles feed into the respiratory bronchioles. Protruding from the respiratory bronchioles are the alveoli

17. Alveoli Thin-walled air pockets These are the “air sacs” of the lungs

18. Alveolar sacs – clusters of alveoli Like a bunch of grapes Alveoli About 300 million alveoli in the lungs! About 300 million alveoli in the lungs! Very large surface area for gas exchange! 750ft 2 (Tennis Court) Very large surface area for gas exchange! 750ft 2 (Tennis Court)

19. Respiratory Zone!! Actual place where gas exchange takes place! What tissue should we expect to find? Alveoli

20. Lungs The bronchi, bronchioles, the alveoli, and all associated capillaries Right and left lobes

21. Lungs Right  superior, middle, inferior Left  superior, inferior Why does the left only have 2 lobes?