1. History of the English Language

3. Antigua Australia Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Botswana Brunei (with Malay) Cameroon (with French) Canada (with French) Dominica Fiji Gambia Ghana Grenada Guyana India (with several Indian languages) Ireland (with Irish Gaelic) Jamaica Kenya (with Swahili) Kiribati Lesotho (with Sotho) Liberia Malawi (with Chewa) Malta (with Maltese) Mauritius Namibia (with Afrikaans) Nauru (with Nauruan) New Zealand Nigeria Pakistan (with Urdu) Papua New Guinea Philippines (with Tagalog) Puerto Rico (with Spanish) St Christopher and Nevis St Lucia St Vincent Senegal (with French) Seychelles (with French) Sierra Leone Singapore (with Malay, Mandarin and Tamil) South Africa (with Afrikaans, Xhosa and Zulu) Surinam (with Dutch) Swaziland (with Swazi) Tanzania (with Swahili) Tonga (with Tongan) Trinidad and Tobago Tuvalu Uganda United Kingdom and its dependences United States of America and its dependencies Vanatu (with French) Western Samoa (with Samoan) Zambia Zimbabwe

4. Time Terms BC = BCE (Before Common Era) AD = CE (Common Era)

5. Evolution of English Old English (the most ancient form) Middle English (the next, chronologically) Modern English (the newest, most recent form)

6. British Isles

7. Celts

8. Celtic Language Today Languages descended from Celts are in: Wales Cornwall (southeastern England) Parts of Scotland West coast of the Republic of Ireland Northern Ireland Brittany (northern France) = “Breton”

9. Speak (Irish) Gaelic! Dia duit (“DEE-uh git”) = Hello Sláinte (“SLAHN-chuh”) = “Cheers!”

10. Romans!

11. 55 BCE

12. 43 CE

16. Angles and Saxons and Jutes and Frisians and Franks, oh my!

17. 449 CE

18. Anglo-Saxon Invasion Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Frisians and Franks push most of the Celts out of England. The word “English” comes from the Angles, who were from an area in Germany called “Engle.” Their language was called “Englisc.”

20. Characteristics of Anglo-Saxon Poetry Strong rhythm Alliteration Metaphor Kennings (“the whale’s way”= the ocean; “the team’s spirit”= a cheerleader) Understatement Broken line with caesura pause in middle

21. Christians!

22. 597 CE

23. Christianity Arrives in England St. Augustine sent by Pope Gregory to evangelize the Anglo-Saxon kingdom King Ǽthelberht of Kent converts Despite initial success, the Church does not gain much of a foothold

27. “scops” traveling minstrels who performed songs and poems

28. Bede Lived from 673-735 CE A Benedictine monk in a Northumbrian monastery Wrote the first piece of Old English literature (in Latin): The Ecclesiastical History of the English Speaking People. It offers a picture of early Anglo-Saxon life

29. The Venerable Bede

30. Caedmon Bede preserved many lines sung by this religious poet Caedmon = the first English poet! A scop Spoke poetry off the top of his head

31. Vikings!

32. 793 CE onward

34. Norse Anger Nay Fro Raise Ill Bask Skill Skin Dike Skirt Scatter Skip English (Anglo Saxon) Wrath No From Rear Sick Bathe Craft Hide Ditch Shirt Shatter Shift

35. Alfred the Great

36. 871-899 CE Consolidated a divided “nation” Used the word Angelcynn– forged an English national identity Fought/negotiated with the Danes Captured London, taking it from the Danes Established universities; rebuilt monasteries; planned towns First English king to write books! Translated Latin texts into English (incl. Bede’s “Ecclesiastical History”)

37. Normans!

38. Battle of Hastings, 1066 CE

41. Further Developments The Hundred Years’ War: 1337-1453 CE The “Great Vowel Shift”: 1350-1700 CE

42. Works Cited and Consulted Black, Joseph, ed. et al. The Broadview Anthology of British Literature. Vol. 1. Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview P., 2006. Print. Bryson, Bill. The Mother Tongue: English and How It Got That Way. NY: Perennial, 1990. Print. Katsiavriades, Kryss and Talaat Qureshi. “The Origin and History of the English Language.” The KryssTal Website. 1997-2013. 14 Sept. 2014. Web. Kemmer, Suzanne. “A Brief History of English, With Chronology.” 2001-20015. Words In English. Rice University. 15 Sept. 2014. Web. MacNeil, Robert. “The Glorious Messiness of English.” Readers Digest, Oct. 1995. Print.