1. HISTORY OF LIFE Chapter 14

2. Take out notebook paper & answer the following questions with your lab partner 1. How old do you think the planet Earth is? Explain. 2. What physical changes have occurred on Earth during its history? What caused these changes? 3. What is a Mass Extinction? What evidence do scientists have?

3. The Record of Life Ch. 14 - Section 1 - pg. 369

4. Early History of Earth 5 billion years ago our solar system was formed as a swirling mass of gas and dust Gravity pulled this material together to form the sun Remaining gas and debris circled the newly formed sun Collisions between the space debris created the planets

5. Earth formed about 4.6 billion years ago, dated by studying the layers of rock that make up the planet Young Earth was hot, there was no atmosphere to block UV rays from the sun No oxygen to breathe A lot of carbon dioxide and water

6. Life originated in Earth’s oceans 3.9- 3.4 billion years ago Early life forms would have been very similar to bacteria

7. Table 14.1 pg. 370 4. Which of the following fossil types have you or your lab partner seen before? Explain when and where. Read Paleontologists – Detectives to the past on pgs. 370 – 371. 5. Give 2 examples of evidence paleontologists can use to determine information about the past.

8. History in Rocks Rocks provide information about Earth’s history including the history of life on Earth Paleontologists study ancient life and fossils

9. Figure 14.2 pg. 372 Fossils are found in sedimentary rock Organism gets buried in mud, sand, or clay after they die More sediment gets layered over the organism, over time the minerals in the sediment replace the minerals in the skeleton

11. Figure 14.3 pg. 373 6. What are the chances that the Protoceratops death was not an accident? Explain your reasoning. 7. What are 2 ways that the fossil in the Figure 14.3 could have become exposed?

12. Dating Fossils Relative Dating (stratigraphy) = layers of rocks have different ages, the “youngest” layers on top; older fossils found in older layers of rock, ex. stacks of newspapers. Radiometric Dating = atoms in the fossil break down at a certain rate, age of the fossil depends on the ratio of atoms to broken down atoms.

13. Geologic Timescale Fig. 14.4 pgs. 374 & 375 Begins with the formation of Earth and goes through present time Scale is divided up by the kinds of organisms that lived during that time

14. Layers of rock match up with the Geological Timescale

15. Half-Life A measure of how much time it takes for half of a sample of radioactive atoms to decay into stable, non-radioactive atoms.

16. Organization of the G.T.S. 8. List each Era from oldest to most recent and describe the types of organism found in each one. Broken down into 4 Eras, each era is further broken down into Periods. The eras and periods are characterized by specific events and specific organisms Mass Extinction = many organisms disappear from the GTS almost all at once

17. 4 Eras 1. Precambrian Era 4.6 BYA - 580 MYA (4,020,000,000 years long) Beginning of the GTS, longest era, 87% of Earth’s history Oldest rocks and fossils are from the Precambrian Era First organisms were single celled

18. 2. Paleozoic Era 580 MYA – 248 MYA (332,000,000 years long) Cambrian Explosion occurred during the Cambrian Period Enormous increased in diversity of life in oceans Organisms with backbones emerged Mass extinction occurred at the end of the Paleozoic Era killing off 90% marine life, 70% land life

19. 3. Mesozoic Era 248 MYA -65 MYA (183,000,000 years long) Dinosaurs died out during another mass extinction making room for mammals Meteor crash most likely caused the mass extinction

20. 4. Cenozoic Era Began 65 million years ago, continues today Increased diversity in mammalian life Modern humans appeared 200,000 years ago

21. As you move towards the bottom of the rock layers, you move back on the Geological Timescale Similar fossils found on different continents because at several times in Earth’s history the continents were connected

22. Pangea existed 250 million years ago Plate Tectonics = the surface of Earth is made up of plates that drift on top of a molten layer of rock http://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/usgsnps /animate/PLATES_3. MPGhttp://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/usgsnps /animate/PLATES_3. MPG http://www.ucmp.berk eley.edu/geology/teca ll1_4.movhttp://www.ucmp.berk eley.edu/geology/teca ll1_4.mov

25. The Origin of Life Ch. 14, Sec. 2

26. Think, Pair, Share… 1) What are two common ideas about how life BEGAN on earth?

27. Spontaneous Generation Pre-17 th century it was believed that living things arose from nonliving things through a process called Spontaneous Generation

28. 6 th century BC: Greek philosophers propose life arose when sunlight was shined onto mud. 2) Why?

29. 1600’s: It was believed that mice appeared from rotten grain. 3) Why?

30. Francesco Redi (1626-1697) Mid-17 th century people believed flies were spontaneously generated from rotting meat Redi was a scientist who noticed a life stage to the flies on the rotten meat –1. Maggots –2. Pupa –3. Flies He observed that the maggots appeared where flies had landed first 4) What does this suggest to you?

32. Redi predicted that if the meat could be kept away from the flies, then there would be no maggots on the meat He did not believe that flies spontaneously generated from meat!!! So he set up his experiment…

33. Control Group = uncovered jar of meat, flies layed eggs, which hatched into maggots, which turned into more flies Experimental Group = covered jars of meat, flies have no chance to lay eggs, new flies do not appear

34. Think, Pair, Share… 5) What would your conclusion be from Redi’s experimental results?

35. By the 1800’s scientists understood (thanks to the microscope invented a century ago) that microorganisms (bacteria & viruses) caused people to get sick But….

36. Some scientists still believed that bacteria and viruses spontaneously generated from the air Louis Pasteur attempted to prove them wrong with his experiment…

37. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) Finally disproved spontaneous generation once and for all! 200 years after Redi’s experiment Pasteur set up an experiment where boiled broth was exposed to air, but microorganisms couldn’t fall in

38. Boiled broth was exposed to air in a specially shaped flask over a period of time but nothing grew Once the neck was broken off bacteria grew in the broth

39. Think, Pair, Share… 6) What would your conclusion be from Pasteur’s experimental results? Bacteria did not spontaneously grow from the air!!!

40. Thanks to Pasteur…. Biogenesis = living organisms come from other living organisms

41. Modern Experiments on Origins 1) Primordial Soup Theory All elements found in organic compounds needed to form biomolecules existed on Earth since its formation Early atmosphere contained Ammonia (NH 3 ), Hydrogen Gas (H 2 ), Water Vapor (H 2 O), Methane (CH 4 )

42. Under high temperature the gases might have formed simple organic compounds (contains Carbon) like amino acids When Earth began to cool the organic compounds would have condensed with the water vapor and collected in lakes and seas

44. Think, Pair, Share… 7) What would your conclusion be from Miller and Urey’s experimental results?

45. Stanley Miller & Harold Urey (1953) Recreated the conditions of early Earth in the lab on a smaller scale Included chemicals present at the time and an energy source similar to what as present at the time Able to generate amino acids (biomolecule)

46. Alternative Hypotheses 2. Life (biomolecules) emerged in ice (Stanley Miller) Within ice there are chemicals to create biomolecules & microscopic pockets of water

47. Water freezes forcing the chemicals to be close together which increases the chances of chemical reactions occurring When the ice melts the biomolecules generated are released into oceans

48. 3. Life (biomolecules) emerged in deep sea vents (hydrothermal) Vents provide the heat & chemicals that could cause chemical reactions to generate biomolecules

49. How Can Scientists Convince You? What 1 major piece of evidence would you need to believe one of the 3 theories? Primordial Soup –Prove that amino acids can be made in the environment described in the ‘Primordial Soup’ Ice Theory –?–? Deep Sea Vents –?Deep Sea Vent VideoDeep Sea Vent Video

50. Would this convince you? Why or why not? A scientist explaining that the first organisms on Earth were oxygen breathing single celled organisms and showing you the fossil remains. A scientist explaining that the first organisms on Earth were photosynthetic organisms around deep sea vents? A scientist explaining that the first organisms on Earth were formed in ice under high pressure and temperature?

51. Compare the Evidence… Based upon the information presented over the past week, which of the 3 scientific theories about how life on Earth began seems the most plausible to you? Explain why you believe so. After video Where Did We Come From: Revealing the Origins of Life

52. Formation of Protocells Protocell =An organized structure enclosed by a membrane that can grow and divide. Heating amino acids can form protocells.

53. Think, Pair, Share… 8) What does this insinuate about what the environment was like when the first cells may have been formed?

54. First True Cells No direct evidence of the first cells, scientists can only analyze data that we collect now Early Earth had little oxygen, oldest fossils thought to be cells resemble the size & shape of some living prokaryotes, the first cells had organic molecules to eat

55. Therefore…. The first cells were anaerobic, heterotrophic prokaryotes Anaerobic = respiration that doesn’t require oxygen Heterotrophic = needs to eat other things in order to get the organic molecules needed for life

56. Think, Pair, Share… 9) Could the first cells have been similar to ours? –Why or why not?

57. Next evolved… Autotrophs = make their own food Early autotrophs were similar to present day Archaebacteria Archaea = prokaryotic organisms that thrive under harsh conditions, make food through chemosynthesis Chemosynthesis = CO 2 is the carbon source, energy comes from the use of inorganic chemicals

59. Next evolved… Photosynthetic prokaryotes Autotrophs now able to use sunlight energy to make food Created oxygen for the atmosphere which allowed for an increase in diversity of life because now there was an ozone layer (provides protection from UV light)

60. Endosymbiotic Theory pg. 385 figure 14.15 Lynn Margulis – hypothesis based on experiments and observations Proposes that eukaryotes evolved through a symbiotic relationship of prokaryotes. Ancient prokaryotes engulfed other prokaryotes and instead of digesting them they survived together. Evidence: –1.chloroplasts and mitochondria contain DNA and ribosomes that are similar to the DNA and ribosomes in prokaryotes and unlike DNA in eukaryotic cells. –2. Chloroplasts and mitochondria reproduce independently of cells that contain them.

61. This explains why mitochondria has its own DNA

62. Endosymbiosis Endosymbiosishttp://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/ chapter4/animation_-_endosymbiosis.htmlEndosymbiosishttp://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/ chapter4/animation_-_endosymbiosis.html

63. Think, Pair, Share… 10) Does this endosymbiotic theory seem plausible to you? –Why or why not? 11) Do we have any endosymbiotic relationships with other organisms now? –Explain.