1. The Roman Republic Chapter 8, Section 2

2. The Early Republic Patricians and Plebeians Patricians and Plebeians Different groups struggle for power in early Roman Republic. People were divided into TWO SOCIAL CLASSES and both were citizens. Different groups struggle for power in early Roman Republic. People were divided into TWO SOCIAL CLASSES and both were citizens. Patricians—wealthy landowning class that holds most of the power Patricians—wealthy landowning class that holds most of the power Plebeians—artisans, merchants and farmers; can vote, but could not hold public office Plebeians—artisans, merchants and farmers; can vote, but could not hold public office Tribunes—elected representatives who protect Plebeians’ rights Tribunes—elected representatives who protect Plebeians’ rights

3. Patricians and Plebeians Patrician= wealthy, nobility, ruling class Patrician= wealthy, nobility, ruling class Plebeian= common everyday folk, shop keepers, artisans Plebeian= common everyday folk, shop keepers, artisans

4. Government in the Early Republic Rome elects two consuls— both Patricians- one to lead the army and one to direct government. Served short terms. Each could VETO the other Rome elects two consuls— both Patricians- one to lead the army and one to direct government. Served short terms. Each could VETO the other Praetors- interpreted the law and act as judges Praetors- interpreted the law and act as judges Senate— 300 men chosen from the Patricians; Originally gave advice to the Consuls but power grew over time. Senate— 300 men chosen from the Patricians; Originally gave advice to the Consuls but power grew over time. Democratic assemblies called Assembly of Centuries elect consuls and praetors; passes laws for common people. Controlled by Patricians. Democratic assemblies called Assembly of Centuries elect consuls and praetors; passes laws for common people. Controlled by Patricians. Dictators are leaders appointed briefly in times of crisis. Dictators are leaders appointed briefly in times of crisis.

5. The Roman Senate

6. Forming the Republic

8. The Early Republic The Roman Army The Roman Army Roman legion—military unit of 5,000 infantry, supported by cavalry. Roman legion—military unit of 5,000 infantry, supported by cavalry. Army is powerful and a key factor in Rome’s rise to greatness. Army is powerful and a key factor in Rome’s rise to greatness.

9. Plebeians Against Patricians Plebs often complained about having little power in the Republic. They had fought alongside Patricians in the army and had paid taxes to make Rome strong Plebs often complained about having little power in the Republic. They had fought alongside Patricians in the army and had paid taxes to make Rome strong They pushed for equal say, rights They pushed for equal say, rights The Plebs took action! They went on strike in 494 BC. They refused to serve in the army and left Rome to set up a new Republic. The Plebs took action! They went on strike in 494 BC. They refused to serve in the army and left Rome to set up a new Republic. Patricians gave in and allowed Plebs to set up their representative body called the Council of Plebs. Patricians gave in and allowed Plebs to set up their representative body called the Council of Plebs.

10. Council of the Plebs

11. Council of Plebs makes Rome More Representative C.O.P. elected TRIBUNES who brought Pleb concerns to the gov’t attention C.O.P. elected TRIBUNES who brought Pleb concerns to the gov’t attention C.O.P. Tibunes won right to VETO gov’t decisions C.O.P. Tibunes won right to VETO gov’t decisions 287 BC- C.O.P. gained the power to pass laws for ALL Romans. Now all male citizens had equal political rights 287 BC- C.O.P. gained the power to pass laws for ALL Romans. Now all male citizens had equal political rights Still some powerful Patrician families called the shots and women had no political voice Still some powerful Patrician families called the shots and women had no political voice

12. The Early Republic Twelve Tables Twelve Tables In 451 B.C. officials carve Roman laws on twelve tablets. In 451 B.C. officials carve Roman laws on twelve tablets. Called the Twelve Tables, they become the basis for later Roman law. Called the Twelve Tables, they become the basis for later Roman law. Laws confirm the right of all free citizens to the protection of the law. Laws confirm the right of all free citizens to the protection of the law. Citizenship is limited to adult male landowners. Citizenship is limited to adult male landowners. The Twelve Tables are hung in the Forum The Twelve Tables are hung in the Forum

13. Who was Cincinnatus?

14. Roman Law The Roman Rule of Law is one of the KEY IDEAS that the Romans gave us. It is still the basis of our legal system today. The Roman Rule of Law is one of the KEY IDEAS that the Romans gave us. It is still the basis of our legal system today. Plebs demanded that laws be written down to ensure fairness Plebs demanded that laws be written down to ensure fairness Rome’s first code of written laws = The Twelve Tables, 451 BC. They were placed in the marketplace and became basis for all future Roman Laws. Rome’s first code of written laws = The Twelve Tables, 451 BC. They were placed in the marketplace and became basis for all future Roman Laws. Established the principle that all free Roman citizens were EQUAL BEFORE THE LAW. Established the principle that all free Roman citizens were EQUAL BEFORE THE LAW.

15. Roman Law cont’d The Twelve Tables only applied to Roman citizens The Twelve Tables only applied to Roman citizens As Rome expanded into new territories, they realized they need a code of law for non-citizens. As Rome expanded into new territories, they realized they need a code of law for non-citizens. The Law of Nations- stated principles of justice that applied to people of everywhere The Law of Nations- stated principles of justice that applied to people of everywhere Ideas in the Law: Ideas in the Law: Innocent until proven guilty Innocent until proven guilty The accused have a right to defend themselves before a judge The accused have a right to defend themselves before a judge Judges had to look at evidence before making a decision Judges had to look at evidence before making a decision Rule of Law- law applies to everyone equally, no special prvileges Rule of Law- law applies to everyone equally, no special prvileges

16. The Twelve Tables 451 BC 451 BC WRITEN laws that described the rights of each person in the Roman Republic WRITEN laws that described the rights of each person in the Roman Republic Displayed in public Displayed in public Set idea that all are equal before the law Set idea that all are equal before the law

17. Rome Spreads Its Power Rome Conquers Italy Rome Conquers Italy The Romans defeat the Etruscans in the north and the Greek city-states in the south. The Romans defeat the Etruscans in the north and the Greek city-states in the south. By 265 B.C., Rome controls the entire Italian peninsula. By 265 B.C., Rome controls the entire Italian peninsula. Rome treats the conquered peoples justly. This enables Rome to grow. Rome treats the conquered peoples justly. This enables Rome to grow.

18. Rome Spreads Its Power Rome’s Commercial Network Rome’s Commercial Network Rome establishes a large trading network. Rome establishes a large trading network. Access to the Mediterranean Sea provides many trade routes. Access to the Mediterranean Sea provides many trade routes. Carthage, a powerful city-state in North Africa controls trade in the Mediterranean and soon rivals Rome. Carthage, a powerful city-state in North Africa controls trade in the Mediterranean and soon rivals Rome.

19. Rome vs. Carthage

20. Rome Spreads Its Power War with Carthage War with Carthage Rome and Carthage begin the Punic Wars—three wars between 264 through 146 B.C. Rome and Carthage begin the Punic Wars—three wars between 264 through 146 B.C. Rome defeats Carthage and wins Sicily in the first 23-year war. Rome defeats Carthage and wins Sicily in the first 23-year war. Hannibal, the Carthaginian general, avenges this defeat in the Second Punic War. Hannibal, the Carthaginian general, avenges this defeat in the Second Punic War. He attacks Italy through Spain and France, but doesn’t take Rome. He attacks Italy through Spain and France, but doesn’t take Rome. Rome Triumphs Rome Triumphs Roman general Scipio defeats Hannibal in 202 B.C. Roman general Scipio defeats Hannibal in 202 B.C. Rome destroys Carthage and enslaves its people in the Third Punic War from 149-146 B.C. Rome destroys Carthage and enslaves its people in the Third Punic War from 149-146 B.C.

21. Hannibal crossing the Alps in the Second Punic War