1. Cell Structure and Organelles Unit 2 - Cells

2. Cellular Boundaries PAGE 203-204

3. Cell Membrane Surrounds all cells in a double layer of lipids! Is selectively permeable ▫Some things can get in/out, others cant MAIN FUNCTION ▫Regulates what enters and leaves ▫Protection ▫Support

4. Cell Wall Found outside of the cell membrane Found in ▫Plants ▫Fungi ▫Algae ▫Prokaryotes MAIN FUNCTION: ▫Provide support – helps plants stand vs. gravity ▫shape ▫Protection

5. Cell Organization on the Inside! PAGE 196-197, 199

6. Nucleus All Eukaryotes including plants and animals have a nucleus MAIN FUNCTION ▫Contains DNA (in the form of chromatin)  coded instructions for making proteins & other molecules Contains the following parts - ▫Nuclear Envelope  membrane for protection and to allow RNA & proteins in and out (through nuclear pores) ▫Nucleolus  Makes ribosomes !

8. Cytoskeleton (Cytoplasm) MAIN FUNCTION ▫Made up of protein pieces that helps give the cell shape. ▫Involved in many forms of cell movement ▫Houses most of a cells organelles

9. Organelles That Store, Clean Up, and Support PAGES 198-199

10. Vacuoles MAIN FUNCTION – storage area for water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates A sac-like structure Many plant cells have a single, large vacuole filled with liquid. ▫Helps to support heavy structures such as stems and leaves Also found in single-celled organisms and animal cells.

11. Vacuole in a Plant Cell Notice how much room the vacuole takes up in the cell!!!

12. Vesicles Found in all EUKARYOTIC cells MAIN FUNCTION ▫Store and move materials between organelles and to the cell surface

13. Lysosomes Filled with enzymes MAIN FUNCTION ▫Break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins from food into particles that can be used by the cell ▫Break down organelles that are no longer useful

14. Centrioles MAIN FUNCTION ▫used in cell division to separate chromosomes during mitosis Usually only found in animal cells in the cytoplasm

15. Organelles That Build Proteins PAGE 200-201

16. Ribosomes One of the most important jobs in the cell is making proteins ▫Free ribosomes work in the cytoplasm ▫Bound ribosomes are stuck on the ER (they are what makes it a “rough” ER!) MADE OF – small particles of RNA and proteins MADE IN – the nucleolus MAIN FUNCTION – make proteins ▫They do this by following coded instructions that come from DNA in the nucleus

17. Free and Bound Ribosomes

18. Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ▫Involved in making protein ▫Has ribosomes on the surface (how it gets its name) ▫MAIN FUNCTION: Modifies proteins Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ▫No ribosomes on surface ▫MAIN FUNCTION: Make lipids

19. Interesting ER Facts ((You should write these down!!) Cells that produce hormones have many Smoother ER’s ▫Example: testes and ovaries have LOTS of smooth ER The liver is the main organ in your body for drug and alcohol detoxification – therefore, the cells of the liver have many smoother ER too!!

20. The Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough ERSmooth ER

21. Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Body) After proteins are made by the RER, they move to the Golgi MAIN FUNCTION ▫packages, sorts, stores proteins and other materials from the ER.

22. Organelles That Capture and Release Energy Page 202

23. Chloroplasts Found in plants and SOME other organisms (bacteria and algae!!!) Animals and fungi do NOT contain chloroplasts Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll which makes a plant look green! MAIN FUNCTION ▫use energy from the sun to make food through photosynthesis

24. Mitochondria MAIN FUNCTION – release energy from stored food molecules to be used to power growth, development, and movement. Nearly all eukaryotes have mitochondria Important, cells that need more energy have more mitochondria. ▫Muscles ▫Heart