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Cell Structure and Organelles Unit 2 - Cells
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Cellular Boundaries PAGE 203-204
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Cell Membrane Surrounds all cells in a double layer of lipids! Is selectively permeable ▫Some things can get in/out, others cant MAIN FUNCTION ▫Regulates what enters and leaves ▫Protection ▫Support
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Cell Wall Found outside of the cell membrane Found in ▫Plants ▫Fungi ▫Algae ▫Prokaryotes MAIN FUNCTION: ▫Provide support – helps plants stand vs. gravity ▫shape ▫Protection
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Cell Organization on the Inside! PAGE 196-197, 199
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Nucleus All Eukaryotes including plants and animals have a nucleus MAIN FUNCTION ▫Contains DNA (in the form of chromatin) coded instructions for making proteins & other molecules Contains the following parts - ▫Nuclear Envelope membrane for protection and to allow RNA & proteins in and out (through nuclear pores) ▫Nucleolus Makes ribosomes !
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Cytoskeleton (Cytoplasm) MAIN FUNCTION ▫Made up of protein pieces that helps give the cell shape. ▫Involved in many forms of cell movement ▫Houses most of a cells organelles
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Organelles That Store, Clean Up, and Support PAGES 198-199
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Vacuoles MAIN FUNCTION – storage area for water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates A sac-like structure Many plant cells have a single, large vacuole filled with liquid. ▫Helps to support heavy structures such as stems and leaves Also found in single-celled organisms and animal cells.
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Vacuole in a Plant Cell Notice how much room the vacuole takes up in the cell!!!
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Vesicles Found in all EUKARYOTIC cells MAIN FUNCTION ▫Store and move materials between organelles and to the cell surface
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Lysosomes Filled with enzymes MAIN FUNCTION ▫Break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins from food into particles that can be used by the cell ▫Break down organelles that are no longer useful
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Centrioles MAIN FUNCTION ▫used in cell division to separate chromosomes during mitosis Usually only found in animal cells in the cytoplasm
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Organelles That Build Proteins PAGE 200-201
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Ribosomes One of the most important jobs in the cell is making proteins ▫Free ribosomes work in the cytoplasm ▫Bound ribosomes are stuck on the ER (they are what makes it a “rough” ER!) MADE OF – small particles of RNA and proteins MADE IN – the nucleolus MAIN FUNCTION – make proteins ▫They do this by following coded instructions that come from DNA in the nucleus
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Free and Bound Ribosomes
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ▫Involved in making protein ▫Has ribosomes on the surface (how it gets its name) ▫MAIN FUNCTION: Modifies proteins Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ▫No ribosomes on surface ▫MAIN FUNCTION: Make lipids
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Interesting ER Facts ((You should write these down!!) Cells that produce hormones have many Smoother ER’s ▫Example: testes and ovaries have LOTS of smooth ER The liver is the main organ in your body for drug and alcohol detoxification – therefore, the cells of the liver have many smoother ER too!!
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The Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough ERSmooth ER
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Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Body) After proteins are made by the RER, they move to the Golgi MAIN FUNCTION ▫packages, sorts, stores proteins and other materials from the ER.
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Organelles That Capture and Release Energy Page 202
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Chloroplasts Found in plants and SOME other organisms (bacteria and algae!!!) Animals and fungi do NOT contain chloroplasts Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll which makes a plant look green! MAIN FUNCTION ▫use energy from the sun to make food through photosynthesis
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Mitochondria MAIN FUNCTION – release energy from stored food molecules to be used to power growth, development, and movement. Nearly all eukaryotes have mitochondria Important, cells that need more energy have more mitochondria. ▫Muscles ▫Heart
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