1. Biology 9: Cell Structures Chapter 7 Sections 7.1 and 7.2
Cell Biology
4/27/2017
Biology 9:
Cell Structures
The key to every biological problem must finally be sought in the cell, for every living organism is, or at some time has been, a cell. E.B. Wilson, 1925
Chapter 7
Sections 7.1 and 7.2
Modified by Ms. Marcos from:
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

2. Cell Biology
4/27/2017
Cells are Us
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

3. Cells are Us Cilia on a protozoan Sperm meets egg Cell Biology
4/27/2017
Cells are Us
Cilia on a protozoan Sperm meets egg
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

4. Cells are Us A person contains about 100 trillion cells.
Cell Biology
4/27/2017
Red and white blood cells above vessel-forming cells.
Cells are Us
A person contains about 100 trillion cells.
There are about 200 different cell types in mammals.
nerve cell
Cells are tiny - about cm (20 um) across.
That’s 100,000,000,000,000 or 1 x 1014 cells. That’s about 1250 cells, “shoulder-to-shoulder” in 2.5cm.
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

5. The first cells ever seen…
Seen by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek and confirmed by Robert Hooke

6. The Cell Theory (1838-39) All organisms are made of one or more cells.
Cell Biology
4/27/2017
Schleiden
The Cell Theory ( )
All organisms are made of one or more cells.
Schwann
Cells are the smallest living things.
The cell theory (proposed independently in 1838 and 1839) is a cornerstone of biology.
Cells can only be made by the division of existing cells.
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

7. Bacteria on the Head of a Pin
Cell Biology
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Bacteria on the Head of a Pin
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

8. Two Different Types of Cells
Cell Biology
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Two Different Types of Cells
Eukaryotic cell
Prokaryotic cell
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

9. Us vs. Them -Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
Cell Biology
4/27/2017
Us vs. Them -Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

10. An Idealized Animal Cell
Cell Biology
An Idealized Animal Cell
4/27/2017
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

11. Major Divisions of the Eukaryotic Cell
Cell Biology
4/27/2017
Major Divisions of the Eukaryotic Cell
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

12. A rat liver cell (with color enhancement to show organelles)
Cell Biology
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A rat liver cell (with color enhancement to show organelles)
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

13. Cell Biology
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It’s Crowded In There
An artist’s conception of the cytoplasm - the region of a cell that’s not in the nucleus or within an organelle.
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

14. Cell Biology
4/27/2017
It’s Crowded In There
A micrograph showing cytoskeleton (red), ribosomes (green), and membrane (blue)
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

15. Cellular Anatomy Cell Biology 4/27/2017 G. Podgorski, Biol 1010
We’ll start by seeing what role these parts play in making and moving proteins.
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

16. The Nucleus The Nucleus contains the cell’s DNA
Cell Biology
4/27/2017
The Nucleus
Think of the nucleus as the cell’s control center.
The Nucleus contains the cell’s DNA
The DNA is concentrated in the nucleolus, which makes ribosomes.
Two meters of human DNA fits into a nucleus that’s meters across.
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

18. the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Cell Biology
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Ribosomes and
the Endoplasmic Reticulum
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

19. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum and Ribosomes
Cell Biology
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum and Ribosomes
Functions:
Protein synthesis (about half the cell’s proteins are made here).
Protein movement
Protein “proofreading”
Ribosomes help create proteins (more on this later!)
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

21. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
No ribosomes are attached
It can make fats in some cells and helps remove toxins

22. Golgi Apparatus
The Golgi processes and packages the materials made in the ER
They are transported away in vesicles

24. The Lysosome Digesting food or cellular invaders
Cell Biology
4/27/2017
The Lysosome
Functions:
Digesting food or cellular invaders
Recycling cellular components
Cell Self-Destruction
(The lysosome is not found in plant cells)
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

25. Cell Biology
4/27/2017
The Lysosome
This bacterium about to be eaten by an immune system cell will spend the last minutes of its existence within a lysosome.
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

26. Many Diseases are Caused by Lysosome Malfunction
Cell Biology
4/27/2017
Many Diseases are Caused by Lysosome Malfunction
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

27. Cell Biology
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Cellular Anatomy
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

28. Cell Biology
The Mitochondrion
4/27/2017
Think of the mitochondrion as the powerhouse of the cell.
Both plant and animal cells contain many mitochondria.
(Mitochondria is the plural of mitochondrion)
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

29. What chemical reaction happens inside a Mitrochondrion?
C6H12O6 + O2
 CO2 + H2O + ENERGY
What molecule is used to create energy for the cell?
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

30. The Cristae is highly folded to create a greater surface area for making ATP.

31. Some diseases are due to malfunctioning mitochondria.
Cell Biology
4/27/2017
The Mitochondrion
Some diseases are due to malfunctioning mitochondria.
Worn out mitochondria may be an important factor in aging.
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

32. Mitochondrial Diseases
Cell Biology
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Mitochondrial Diseases
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

33. Mitochondria and Health
Cell Biology
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Mitochondria and Health
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

34. Animal and Plant Cells Have More Similarities Than Differences
Cell Biology
4/27/2017
Animal and Plant Cells Have More
Similarities Than Differences
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

35. Animal vs. Plant Cells – Chloroplasts Are a Big Part of the Difference
Cell Biology
4/27/2017
Animal vs. Plant Cells – Chloroplasts Are a Big Part of the Difference
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

36. Cell Biology
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Cells In a Leaf
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

37. Think of the chloroplast as the solar panel of the plant cell.
Cell Biology
4/27/2017
The Chloroplast
Think of the chloroplast as the solar panel of the plant cell.
Only plants have chloroplasts, but animals gain the benefits too.
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

38. What similarities does a Chloroplast have with a Mitochondrion?

39. Similarities and Differences…
Which is the Mitochondrion and which is the Chloroplast?

40. Two Other Unique Features of Plant Cells
Cell Biology
4/27/2017
Two Other Unique Features of Plant Cells
The central vacuole may occupy 90% of a plant cell.
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

41. Cell walls help plants become strong without a skeleton
Cell Biology
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Cell walls help plants become strong without a skeleton
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

42. The Central Vacuole Controls Turgor Pressure
Cell Biology
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The Central Vacuole Controls Turgor Pressure
flaccid
turgid
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

43. Compare: Animal and Plant cells
BOTH

44. Cell Biology
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Cellular Anatomy
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

45. The Cytoskeleton Helps to control the shape of the cell
Cell Biology
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The Cytoskeleton
An animal cell cytoskeleton
Helps to control the shape of the cell
Helps the cell move
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

46. A Cytoskeleton Gallery
Cell Biology
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A Cytoskeleton Gallery
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

47. Centrioles
Help organize cell division in animal cells

48. Parts of the Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments
 cell division and cell movement
Microtubules
 cell division and attachment of organelles

49. These are filaments in a skeletal muscle tissue.

50. The Cytoskeleton in Action
Cell Biology
4/27/2017
The Cytoskeleton in Action
A white blood cell using the cytoskeleton to “reach out” for a bacterium.
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

51. The Cytoskeleton in Action
Cell Biology
4/27/2017
The Cytoskeleton in Action
Cilia on a protozoan Beating sperm tail at fertilization
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

52. Arrangement of Microtubules

54. Cell concept map Words to use: The cell Cell Chloroplast Vacuole
Mitochondrion
Control center
Organelles
Photosynthesis occurs
The contents of the cell
Linking phrases:
that protects
that produces
that stores
of the

55. Which organelle does which job?
Controls the cell
Nucleus
Stores, Cleans up and Supports the cell
Vacuoles and vesicles
Lysosomes
Cytoskeleton
Centrioles
Surrounds the cell
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Builds proteins for the cell
Ribosomes
Rough ER
Golgi apparatus
Captures and Releases Energy
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts

56. To be completed on your own,
Assignment:
Use your textbook and notes from this powerpoint to complete the worksheets on Cell Structures (see Chapter 7.2)
To be completed on your own,
in your own words. 