1. By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

2. Christófo Colón [1451-1506]

3. Columbus’ Four Voyages

4. Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16c

5. European Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

6. Fernando Cortes The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs Montezuma II vs.vs.

7. The Death of Montezuma II

8. Mexico Surrenders to Cortés

9. Francisco Pizarro The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas AtahualpaAtahualpa vs.vs.

10. Docs. 1- 4

11. The “Columbian Exchange”  Squash  Avocado  Peppers  Sweet Potatoes  Turkey  Pumpkin  Tobacco  Quinine  Cocoa  Pineapple  Cassava  POTATO  Peanut  TOMATO  Vanilla  MAIZE  Syphilis  Olive  COFFEE BEAN  Banana  Rice  Onion  Turnip  Honeybee  Barley  Grape  Peach  SUGAR CANE  Oats  Citrus Fruits  Pear  Wheat  HORSE  Cattle  Sheep  Pigs  Smallpox  Flu  Typhus  Measles  Malaria  Diptheria  Whooping Cough  Trinkets  Liquor  GUNS

12. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores Missionaries Permanent Settlers Official European Colony!

13. DISEASES Old World diseases overwhelmed Natives (Smallpox, measles, typhus, influenza…) SYPHILIS transferred from old world to new world

14. “Coffin” Position Below Deck

15. African Captives Thrown Overboard

16. Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

17. Sacrifice of the First-Born by Theodore de Bry

18. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

19. MercantilismMercantilism The economy and trade are essential to the health and safety of the nation. 1.Get as much gold and silver as you can. 2.Establish a favorable balance of trade. 3.Get colonies.

20. Treasures from the Americas!

21. SILVER! Peru and Mexico – POTOSI (Biolivia) Needs a large labor force for extraction ENCOMIENDA = native forced labor INCA had mit’a….Spanish had MITA - 1/7 of adult males worked for 6 months a year in mines, farms, textile factories

22. SUGAR! Brazil (Portuguese) Caribbean area Also needed slave labor

23. Father Bartolomeéde Las Casas New Laws --> 1542 DEFENDER of Native Americans Wrote and spoke out against injustices Tried to outlaw enslavement and enact new laws

24. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

25. Slave Ship

26. The Colonial Class System PeninsularesPeninsulares CreolesCreoles MestizosMestizosMulattosMulattos Native Indians Black Slaves

27. The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral Guadalajara Cathedral Our Lady of Guadalupe Our Lady of Guadalupe Spanish Mission Spanish Mission

28. European Empires in the Americas

29. NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES SOUTH – cotton, tobacco MIDDLE – Pennsylvania (Quakers) – breadbasket colonies, farming NEW ENGLAND – early colonies, industry, ship-building, fishing - PURITANS

30. INDENTURED SERVANTS First – 80% indentured servants (unable to pay, they would work their debt off)… BUT: eventually higher profits with slaves then the short contracts with IS

31. New Colonial Rivals 1.Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean. 2.Spain in Asia  consolidated its holdings in the Philippines. 3.First English expedition to the Indies in 1591. Surat in NW India in 1608. 4.Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

32. New Colonial Rivals

33. Impact of European Expansion 1.Native populations ravaged by disease. 2.Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. [“Price Revolution”] 3.New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”]. 4.Deepened colonial rivalries.

34. 5. New Patterns of World Trade

35. Vocabulary to Know Columbian Exchange Bartolomé de Las Casas Potosí Encomienda Hacienda Creole Mestizos Mulattos Pilgrims Puritans Tupac Amaru II