1. Starter - Without your notes – define these terms – 15 mins Synthetic Posteriori Inductive Primary movers Secondary movers Ex nihilo nihil fit Actual infinites First Cause Demonstratio Potentiality Actuality Intermediate Cause Ultimate Cause Priori Contingency Temporal

2. Kalam Argument William Lane Craig and Ed Miller

3. The history of the Kalam Argument The Holy Qur’an called Muslims to use reasoning and to seek learning. Islamic philosophy was referred to as kalam. William Lane Craig has re-visited the Kalam argument which originated amongst Islamic philosophers.

4. Why it is different NOTE the difference between the KALAM argument and the argument from CONTINGENCY The Contingency arguments (e.g. arguments such as St. Thomas Aquinas’ ‘Five Ways’) seek to establish the dependence of the universe on God now. They seeks to show there is something necessary on which the contingent Universe depends The Kalam argument, by contrast, seeks to establish the Universe has a beginning and that this beginning was caused.

5. William Lane Craig His argument can be summarized in the following three ways; Everything that begins to exist has a cause of its existence, The universe began to exist, Therefore, the universe has a cause for its existence. No scientific explanation can explain the cause and so the cause must be personal

6. The universe began to exist....Prove it! Craig puts forward a number of arguments to support premise 2, that the universe began to exist. The main ones are: 1.An actual infinite cannot exist 2.A beginningless temporal series of events is an actual infinite 3.Therefore a beginningless series of events cannot exist.

7. Example of the library! An actual infinite is discussed in regards to a collection of things with an infinite number within it, for example, a library with an actually infinite set of books. He refers to a library with an infinite number of red books and an infinite number of black books.

8. The complex bit!! One of the unique traits of an actual infinite is that part of an actually infinite set is equal to whole set. For example, in an actually infinite set of numbers, the number of even numbers in the set is equal to all of the numbers in the set. In regards to the Library both the red and the black books would have to equal the same amount as the whole collection In other words A part of the set would have to be equal to the whole of the set. This is impossible!