1. Hot Metal

2. Forging Forging- is the process of using pressure to shape metal. Forging- is the process of using pressure to shape metal.

3. Forging In some forging techniques the metal is heated ( but not to the melting point ) to make it easier to shape. In some forging techniques the metal is heated ( but not to the melting point ) to make it easier to shape.

4. Hand Forging is one of the many aspects of this metal shaping technique and was in use long before written records were kept. Hand Forging is one of the many aspects of this metal shaping technique and was in use long before written records were kept.

5. Equipment for Hand Forging Forge Forge The Forge is used to heat the metal prior to forging. The Forge is used to heat the metal prior to forging. It may be fired by gas or coal however gas is usually used because it is a cleaner burning fuel. It may be fired by gas or coal however gas is usually used because it is a cleaner burning fuel.

6. Gas Forge

7. Equipment for Hand Forging Anvil Anvil Heated metal is shaped on an Anvil Heated metal is shaped on an Anvil Circular shapes are formed over the horn Circular shapes are formed over the horn Tools may be mounted in the Hardy Hole Tools may be mounted in the Hardy Hole The Pritchel Hole is used for punching holes and bending small diameter rods. The Pritchel Hole is used for punching holes and bending small diameter rods.

8. Equipment for Hand Forging Tongs Tongs While being shaped, hot metal is held with Tongs. While being shaped, hot metal is held with Tongs. It is important to used tongs that fit the work. It is important to used tongs that fit the work. 3 main types of tongs are Straight Lip, Curved Lip, and Pick-Up tongs. 3 main types of tongs are Straight Lip, Curved Lip, and Pick-Up tongs.

9. Equipment for Hand Forging Hammers Hammers A 1 ½ or 2lb hammer is suitable for light work, while a 3lb hammer is ok for larger heaver work. A 1 ½ or 2lb hammer is suitable for light work, while a 3lb hammer is ok for larger heaver work. NOTE: Avoid choking up on the hammer because too much power is wasted in this manner. NOTE: Avoid choking up on the hammer because too much power is wasted in this manner.

10. Equipment for Hand Forging Anvil Tools Anvil Tools Many anvil tools are designed to fit the hardy hole of the anvil. Many anvil tools are designed to fit the hardy hole of the anvil. Hardies have a square hole that is placed in the hardy. Hardies have a square hole that is placed in the hardy. The metal is placed on the hardie and then struck with a hammer. The metal is placed on the hardie and then struck with a hammer. NOTE: Metal thicker than ½” should be cut hot. NOTE: Metal thicker than ½” should be cut hot.

11. Equipment for Hand Forging Chisels Chisels Used to cut metal in much the same way as the hardy. However they have handles for safer and easier manipulation. Used to cut metal in much the same way as the hardy. However they have handles for safer and easier manipulation. The hot chisel is thinner than the cold chisel and as the name implies is used to cut hot metal. The hot chisel is thinner than the cold chisel and as the name implies is used to cut hot metal.

12. Equipment for Hand Forging Punches Punches Used to make holes in hot metal. Used to make holes in hot metal.

13. Forging Metal must be heated to proper temperature. Metal must be heated to proper temperature. Most mild steel should be heated to bright red. Most mild steel should be heated to bright red. Tool Steel must not be heated to more than a dull red or it looses many desirable characteristics. Tool Steel must not be heated to more than a dull red or it looses many desirable characteristics. Never permit metal to be heated to a white heat. Never permit metal to be heated to a white heat.

14. How to Draw Out Metal Drawing out means the metal is stretched Drawing out means the metal is stretched

15. How to Draw Out Metal Round stock can be easily drawn out Round stock can be easily drawn out Square stock must be rounded off as the first step in the drawing out process. Square stock must be rounded off as the first step in the drawing out process. If this is not done the metal can split or crack on the edges. If this is not done the metal can split or crack on the edges.

16. How to Bend Metal There are different methods to use when bending metal. There are different methods to use when bending metal. 1. Place the work over the anvil face so that the point of the bend is located where the face edge is rounded. Strike the section that hangs off the anvil until the desired angle is achieved.

17. How to Bend Metal 2. Curved sections can be formed over the anvil horn. Heat the metal, place it over the horn and strike the metal until desired curve is achieved.

18. How to bend metal 3. Place the heated metal into the hardy or pritchel hole and bend with tongs.

19. References Content in this presentation taken from the text “Modern Metalworking” by John R. Walker. Content in this presentation taken from the text “Modern Metalworking” by John R. Walker.