1. PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Chapter 4 1

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3. Example: “Bell” and Food CS US URCR Later Trials CS US UR First Few Trials Time CS = bell US = food UR = salivation CR = salivation 3

4. Central Players Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Unconditioned Stimulus (US or UCS) Initially “potent” – Initially elicits a response (inside or outside) Initially “neutral” – Does not initially trigger same response as does the US Lights, sounds, tastes, odors, etc. After pairings with the US, elicits a conditioned response Food US Hunger (inside and hidden) Salivation (outside and observable) 4

5. 1.What are the CS and US?  A pigeon pecks a light that signals the presentation of food 5

6. Form of the CR From Jenkins & Moore, 1973 US = Water (note the closed beak) US = Food (note the open beak) video 6

7. Autoshaping (Sign Tracking) When a localized CS and an “appetitive” US are paired, a CR is sometimes directed at the CS. Pigeons CR: peck key light CS Rats key light CS  food US insert lever CS  food US CR: lick lever Long-box autoshaping Omission training 7

8. Goal Tracking When a localized CS and a “appetitive” US are paired, a CR is sometimes directed at the site of the US. Rats tone CS  food US CR: check food magazine 8

9. Conditioning of Hunger 9  UCS: taste and smell of food  UCR: internal physiological changes that prepare us to digest and metabolize food  e.g., secretion of saliva, gastric juices, insulin Important: insulin lowers blood sugar, which stimulates hunger, which motivates eating  CS: Kitchen, refrigerator, sight of food, Tim Horton sign  CR: Hunger as a conditioned response

10. Conclusions  1. Conditioned behaviour is “evoked” by the CS, it is not “chosen” by the organism  2. The situation, species, and procedures used can affect whether animals what the animal does.  3. Internal states can cause approach to the CS or the US in appetitive conditioning. 10

11. The Conditioning of Fear 11 Conditioning of internal states motivate avoidance of the CS or the US in aversive conditioning

12. EscapeFreeze Flight/ Flinch US CS Some Specific Conditioned Responses Time 12

13. 13  Conditioned emotional response  Stage 1: Animal must first learn to bar press for reward  Stage 2: A neutral stimulus (CS) is paired with an aversive stimulus (UCS)  Stage 3: The CS is presented during operant responding  Conditioned fear, and specific conditioned responses, such as freezing, will cause the animal will reduce or stop responding

14. 14  The level of fear is assessed with a suppression ratio  Suppression ratio = CS responding/(CS responding + Pre-CS responding)  Interpretation of a suppression ratio  Values can range from 0 to 0.5  0.5 means that fear conditioning has not occurred  0 indicates total conditioning

15. Conclusions  4. Conditioning of internal states motivates avoidance of the CS or the US in aversive conditioning  5. Form of CR changes with ISI (This is why conditioned suppression catches them all) 15

16. 2. What are the CS and US? 16

17. Garcia Effect 17  The classic Flavor Aversion Experiments were conducted by Garcia et al. (1957)  Although rats generally like saccharin very much, they found that rats would not consume saccharin if illness followed its consumption  The illness did not result from the saccharin, though, but rather from either high doses of irradiation or from doses of Lithium Chloride

18. Taste Aversion 18

19. Flavor Aversion Learning 19  Flavor aversion: avoidance of a flavor that precedes an illness experience  Flavor aversion develops rapidly  Often after one pairing of flavor and illness  May occur even if there is a long time interval between the flavor and the illness

20. Aversion as CR  Negative state  Not conditioned illness  May involve a conditioned disgust reaction 20

21. Conclusions  6. What constitutes a “pairing” depends on the response system (There is no “optimal ISI”) 21

22. 3. What are the CS and US? 22

23. Eye Blink Conditioning 23  Procedure:  CS: tone  UCS: puff of air/paraorbital shock  CR: blink  UCR: blink

24. 24  Noteworthy characteristics:  UCR and CR differ slightly UCS elicits a rapid eyeblink response CS produces a slow, gradual closure of the eye  Eyeblink conditioning is slow It may take up to 100 CS-UCS pairings to produce responding on 50% of trials

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27. Diagnostic tool 27

28. 4. What are the CS and US?  An addict goes into severe withdrawal after seeing the dealer’s door 28

29. Trial 1 Euphoria Dealer, copping corner, corner syringes, needles, cotton balls, lighters, rubber tying-off cords and stainless-steel spoons Pre-Drug CSsDrug US heroin 29

30. Trial 5 heroin Euphoria Pre-Drug CSs Dealer, copping corner, corner syringes, needles, cotton balls, lighters, rubber tying-off cords and stainless-steel spoons Pre-Drug CSsDrug US 30

31. Trial 10 heroin Dealer, copping corner, corner syringes, needles, cotton balls, lighters, rubber tying-off cords and stainless-steel spoons Pre-Drug CSsDrug US No Euphoria (Withdrawal Eliminated) 31

32. Opiate Addiction Administration  Decreased Blood Pressure  Skin Flushed and Warm  Meiosis  Drying of Secretions  Respiratory Depression  Antitussive  Relaxation  Hyperthermia Withdrawal  Increased Blood Pressure  Chilliness and Gooseflesh  Mydriasis Mydriasis  Lacrimination  Yawning and Panting  Sneezing  Restlessness  Hypothermia 32

33. Mydriasis 33

34. Some Controlled Experiments  Mor-ROOM/Sal-CAGE  Morphine in a distinctive room  Saline in the home cage  Mor-CAGE/Sal-ROOM  morphine in the home cage  saline in a distinctive room  Saline  saline in both environments 34

35. Test Day: No DRUG in ROOM

37. Conditioning Trials Acquisition curve Non-linear Asymptote Conditioning Trials CR Strength asymptote 37

38. Conditioning Occurs Over Trials (S) Saline in Room (M-HP) Mor in Room 38

39. Extinction Trials/Time Strength of CR AcquisitionExtinction CS&USCS alone 39

40. Extinction of Tolerance AcquisitionExtinctionTest 3 Mor in Room9 Placebo in Room Group Extinction (M-P-M) 6 Mor in Room 9 Rest in home Cage Group No Extinction (M-rest-M) Mor in Room 40

41. Rested animals show a CR (tolerant) Extinguished animals (tolerance is undone)

42. Applications: Absence of Pre-Drug CSs 42

43. Heroin Overdose Death 43

44. Overdose and Death heroin New Context 44

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46. Conclusions  7. Conditioned responses can be “compensatory”, bringing the organism back to homeostasis  8. Contexts can be conditioned (Best treatment for addiction is the original context). 46