Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
1
Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 16th Edition Chapter 14
2
Key Concepts Major geologic processes Earthquakes and volcanoes
Minerals, rocks, and the rock cycle Finding and extracting mineral resources Non-renewable mineral resources
3
Geologic Processes: Structure of the Earth
Fig. 4-7 p. 60
4
Earth Structure animation
5
Features of the Crust and Upper Mantle
Fig p. 333
6
Plate Tectonics Divergent boundary Convergent boundary Subduction zone
Transform fault Refer to Fig p. 334 Fig p. 336
7
Spreading center Oceanic tectonic plate Oceanic tectonic plate Ocean trench Collision between two continents Plate movement Plate movement Tectonic plate Oceanic crust Oceanic crust Subduction zone Continental crust Continental crust Material cools as it reaches the outer mantle Cold dense material falls back through mantle Mantle convection cell Hot material rising through the mantle Two plates move towards each other. One is subducted back into the mantle on falling convection current. Mantle Hot outer core Inner core
8
Earth’s Major Tectonic Plates
Fig. 16-4, p. 335
10
Oceanic ridge at a divergent plate boundary
Lithosphere Asthenosphere Oceanic ridge at a divergent plate boundary
11
Trench Volcanic island arc Lithosphere Rising magma Asthenosphere
Subduction zone Trench and volcanic island arc at a convergent plate boundary
12
Transform fault connecting two divergent plate boundaries
Fracture zone Transform fault Lithosphere Asthenosphere Transform fault connecting two divergent plate boundaries
13
External Earth Processes
Erosion Mechanical weathering Frost wedging Chemical weathering Biological weathering
14
Natural Hazards: Earthquakes
Features Magnitude Aftershocks Primary effects Secondary effects Fig p. 337
15
Expected Earthquake Damage
Canada United States No damage expected Minimal damage Moderate damage Severe damage Fig p. 337
16
Measuring earthquakes: Earthquake waves How earthquakes happen: Earthquake cause
17
Natural Hazards: Volcanic Eruptions
extinct volcanoes magma reservoir central vent conduit Solid lithosphere Upwelling Partially molten asthenosphere Fig p. 338
18
Black smoker White smoker Sulfide deposit Magma Tube worms White crab White clam
19
Minerals and Rocks Mineral (diamond, quartz) Rock Types
Igneous (granite, basalt) Sedimentary (limestone, sandstone) Metamorphic (marble, slate)
20
Rock Cycle Sedimentary Rock Heat, Pressure Heat, Igneous Rock
Shale, Sandstone, Limestone Deposition Transport Erosion Rock Cycle Heat, Pressure Weathering Heat, Pressure Igneous Rock Granite, Pumice, Basalt Metamorphic Rock Slate, Quartzite, Marble Magma (Molten Rock) Fig p. 339
21
Erosion Weathering Heat, pressure Heat, pressure, stress Magma Melting
Transportation Weathering Deposition Igneous Rock Granite, pumice, basalt Sedimentary Rock Shale, sandstone, limestone Heat, pressure Heat, pressure, stress Magma (molten rock) Melting Metamorphic Rock Slate, marble, quartzite
22
Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
Metallic Non-metallic Energy resources Ores
23
Nonrenewable Mineral Resources: Categories
Identified Undiscovered Reserves Other Fig p. 340
24
Finding Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
Satellite and air imagery Radiation detectors Magnetometers Gravity differences Seismic surveys Chemical analyses
25
Extracting Nonrenewable Mineral Resources: Fig. 16-11 and 16-12
Open-pit (surface mining) Dredging (surface mining) Area strip (surface mining) Contour strip (surface mining) Room-and-pillar (subsurface mining) Longwall (subsurface mining)
26
Open Pit Mine
27
Dredging
28
Contour Strip Mining
29
Area Strip Mining
30
Ventilation shaft Main shaft Lift cage Shaft Coal seams Pumps Underground Coal Mine
31
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act
Established 1977 Mine lands must be restored to pre-mining conditions Taxes on mining companies to restore pre-1977 sites Limited success
32
Extra credit assignment: Read, summarize and comment on: Mining companies make fortunes off of public land
33
Environmental Effects of Mining Mineral Resources
Disruption of land surface Subsidence Erosion of solid mining waste Acid mine drainage Air pollution Storage and leakage of liquid mining waste
34
Environmental Effects of Mining Mineral Resources
Fig p. 344
35
More Environmental Impacts of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
Surface mining Subsurface mining Overburden Room and pillar Spoil Longwall Open-pit Dredging Refer to Figs and 15-5, p. 341 and 342 Strip mining
36
Processing Mineral Resources
Ore mineral Gangue Tailings Smelting Refer to Fig p. 344
37
Supplies of Mineral Resources
Economic depletion Depletion time Foreign sources Environmental concerns Economics New technologies Mining the ocean Finding substitutes Fig p. 346
38
Scattered in environment
Smelting Separation of ore from gangue Melting metal Conversion to product Metal ore Recycling Surface mining Discarding of product Scattered in environment
Similar presentations
