1. AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design Project Aquarius Kowalkowski - 1 Mike Kowalkowski Week 8: March 8 th 2007 Project Aquarius Power Engineering Group Surface of Mars Lead MRCF, LP, NPS Vehicle Focal HAB, MLV, MRCF, LP, NPS, MR Power Contact

2. AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design Project Aquarius Kowalkowski - 2 NPS Brayton Reactor Sizing Conceptual Design –Three 750 kWe reactors Only two operate at a time –24% conversion efficiency P / M / V – One NPS System –Power: 750 kWe –Mass: 11.7 mt –Volume: 23.6 m^3 Numbers validated by independent codes 3,4,6 –Reactor (Rogge) 8 –Shield (Kowalkowski) 5,7,10,11 –Radiator (Guyon) 2 –Power converter (Kowalkowski) 1 –Wiring system (Scott) 9 Comp. Turb.. Shield Mars Ground Reactor T.A. Main Rad. HXCHG Power Conditioner

3. AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design Project Aquarius Kowalkowski - 3 6 m 1200 kWe Road 6 m 1500 kWe Landing Zone 1 Mars Surface Orientation ISPP 1 ISPP 2 NPS 1 NPS 2 NPS 3 Not to scale HAB 1 HAB 2 LP/ MRCF Mars Taxi Landing Zone PMAD 1 km 126 kWe 1 km 500 m 110 kWe 1 km LOX / LH2

4. AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design Project Aquarius Kowalkowski - 4 Backup Slides Week 4 Readiness Level

5. AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design Project Aquarius Kowalkowski - 5 EP Brayton Reactor Sizing Conceptual Design –One 2 MWe space reactor Only operate one at a time Two turbines at 1 MWe each –24% conversion efficiency P / M / V – One EP System –Power: 2 MWe –Mass: 29.7 mt –Volume: 294 m^3 Includes literature based PMAD values for space propulsion vehicles Comp. Turb.. Shield Reactor T.A. Main Rad. HXCHG Power Conditioner

6. AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design Project Aquarius Kowalkowski - 6 Surface of Mars Layout Final Values - Totals NPS (Kowalkowski/Rogge/Scott/Guyon )2,9: –Mass: 55.3 mt –Volume: 176 m^3 –Power: 1.5 MWe system Included three 0.75 MWe reactors with PMAD & wiring to HABs, MRCF/LP, and ISPP. MRCF / LP (Fox/Kowalkowski): –Mass: 103 mt –Volume: 732 m^3 –Power: 126 kWe max Includes 1 km of fuel piping, two storage tents, and a launch gantry with motor.

7. AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design Project Aquarius Kowalkowski - 7 Surface of Mars Layout Final Values – Power Systems HAB (1&2) (Kowalkowski): –Mass: 1.645 mt –Volume: 1.44 m^3 –Power: 110 kWe max (55 kWe per HAB) Note PMAD included in NPS; only LiIon Battery sizing shown here. MR (Kowalkowski): –Mass: 1.50 mt –Volume: 1.31 m^3 –Power: 69.3 kWe max Includes fuel cells and a no fault return battery system for 30 km/hr max speed, 12 hour nominal mission, 11.54 kWe human factors, 9500 kg, 120 km range

8. AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design Project Aquarius Kowalkowski - 8 NPS Reactor Sizing Logic Reactor Figures (Rogge) 8 –Mass – 0.53 mt –Dimensions cylinder 0.48 x 0.48 m PMAD Figures (Scott) 9 –Mass – 15.9 mt –Volume – 5.87 m^3 Brayton figures (Kowalkowski) –Mass – 2 mt –Volume – 5.07 m^3 Thermal radiator figures (Guyon / Kowalkowski) 2 –Mass – 7.39 mt –Area – 169 m^2 –Volume – 18 m^3 Shield figures (Kowalkowski) –Mass – 1.61 mt –Volume – 0.45 m^3 –Major Assumption Regolith blocks harmful gamma and neutrino flux – 0.1 m away

9. AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design Project Aquarius Kowalkowski - 9 EP 2 MWe Reactor Sizing Logic Reactor Figures (Rogge) 8 –Mass – 1.06 mt –Dimensions cylinder 0.59 x 0.59 m PMAD Figures (Kowalkowski)** literature –Mass – 5000 mt –Volume – 5 m^3 Brayton figures (Kowalkowski) –Mass – 3.55 mt –Volume – 48 m^3 Thermal radiator figures (Guyon / Kowalkowski) 2 –Mass – 18.55 mt –Area – 1250 m^2 –Volume – 145 m^3 Shield figures (Kowalkowski) –Mass – 1.387 mt –Volume – 0.48 m^3 –Major Assumption Shadow shield no human contact 1000 x relaxed

10. AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design Project Aquarius Kowalkowski - 10 EP / NPS Reactor Sizing Logic (2) All codes have been written, and values closely match those in current literature for the EP and NPS systems. This shows that our integrated code is delivering realistic values. A sample EP size has been presented today, but note that this is not the final or the only EP system size. Others will be equivalently sized as finalized payloads are delivered on Friday. Though we are not at a complete 100% design fix as of Thursday evening, we are within the capability to quickly and accurately deliver numbers where needed using the rotating codes that are attached. Note that where I used someone else’s code, it was simply referenced to save paper; these codes will be available with my references online. Only codes that I directly edited or created are attached this week. Note battery code and vehicle code also updated this week.

11. AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design Project Aquarius Kowalkowski - 11 Space Radiator Charts - Guyon

12. AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design Project Aquarius Kowalkowski - 12 Scott – HAB Distance to Wire Mass

13. AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design Project Aquarius Kowalkowski - 13 System Mass Trends – Lit Ref We hit our target literature mass value independently within 2000 kg. This indicates to us that we are sizing these systems correctly.

14. AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design Project Aquarius Kowalkowski - 14 EP Literature Sheet - Reference Reference full spreadsheet online under references. Week6_Power_Kowalkowski.xls … 8 pages

15. AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design Project Aquarius Kowalkowski - 15 Cited References 1 Barrett, Michael J. “Performance Expectations of Closed Brayton Cycle Heat Exchangers in 100 kWe Nuclear Space Power Systems.” 1st International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference. 17 - 21 August 2003, Portsmouth, Virginia. Available Online. 2 Guyon, Matt – Thermal Radiator Sizing. Supplied Numbers and graphs 7 March 2007. 3 Houts, Dr. Michael Email on Nuclear Propulsion Systems. February 2007. 4 Hrbud, Dr. Ivana Pancake Breakfast Conversations on Nuclear Power Systems. February 2007. 5 Kuttowski, Aaron. Project Legend, Reactor coding logic. Available online. 6 Mason, Lee. A Comparison of Brayton and Sterling Space Nuclear Power Systems for Power Levels from 1 Kilowatt to 10 Megawatts. AIP - Space Technology and Applications International Forum, 2001. Available online. 7 “Radiation Safety: University Research Compliance.” Nuclear Radiation Safety Handbook. Online http://compliance.vpr.okstate.edu/radsafety/handbook-3.htm. 7 March 2007.http://compliance.vpr.okstate.edu/radsafety/handbook-3.htm 8 Rogge, Courtney – Reactorsizing_take2_rogge.m code. 7 March 2007. 9 Scott, Ryan – Marswire.m code. 7 March 2007. 10 Smith, Matthew. Project Infinity, Reactor coding logic. Available online. 11 Wright, Steven A. and David Poston. “Low mass shielding for Martian Surface Power Reactors.” Space Technology and Applications International Forum-STAIF 2002. Online Available.