1. 1 Introduction to Computer Programming Lecture 17 Structures (Part 2) Assist. Prof. Dr. Nükhet ÖZBEK Ege University Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering nukhet.ozbek@ege.edu.tr

2. 2 Topics Structure Arrays of structs typedef structs and functions Pointers to structs structs within structs Data structures and modular design

3. 3 Recall: #include #define MAXLEN 50 #define MAXN 20 struct StudentRec { char lastname[MAXLEN]; float mark; }; typedef struct StudentRec Student; marks4a.c Record of student last names and marks

4. 4 Student readRecord ( void ) { Student newStudent; printf("Enter last name and mark: "); scanf("%s %f", newStudent.lastname, &(newStudent.mark) ); return newStudent; } Recall: Functions to read and print a student record void printRecord ( Student item ) { printf("Last name: %s\n", item.lastname); printf(" Mark: %.1f\n\n", item.mark); } marks4a.c

5. 5 int main() { int count = 0; Student class[MAXN]; int i; printf("How many students? "); scanf("%d", &count); if (count > MAXN) { printf("Not enough space.\n"); exit(1); } for (i=0; i < count; i++) { class[i] = readRecord(); } printf("\nClass list:\n\n"); for (i=0; i < count; i++) { printRecord(class[i]); } return 0; } marks4a.c Recall: Sample main: an array of student records

6. 6 Passing a struct Variable lastname : mark: studentA: int main() { Student studentA; studentA = readRecord(); return 0; }

7. 7 Student readRecord ( void ) { Student newStudent; printf("Enter last name and mark: "); scanf("%s %f", newStudent.lastname, &(newStudent.mark)); return newStudent; } lastname: mark: newStudent: int main() { Student studentA; studentA = readRecord(); return 0; } Version 1 Passing a struct Variable (cont) lastname : mark: studentA:

8. 8 Student readRecord ( void ) { Student newStudent; printf("Enter last name and mark: "); scanf("%s %f", newStudent.lastname, &(newStudent.mark)); return newStudent; } lastname: mark: studentA : lastname: mark: newStudent: Version 1 Passing a struct Variable (cont) int main() { Student studentA; studentA = readRecord(); return 0; }

9. 9 Passing a struct Variable (cont) lastname: mark: studentA : int main() { Student studentA; studentA = readRecord(); return 0; }

10. 10 int main() { Student studentA; studentA = readRecord(studentA); return 0; } Student readRecord ( Student newStudent ) { printf("Enter last name and mark: "); scanf("%s %f", newStudent.lastname, &(newStudent.mark) ); return newStudent; } Version 2 A similar thing happens here Passing a struct Variable (cont)

11. 11 What if the struct is huge? Passing a struct Variable (cont) Student readRecord ( Student newStudent ) { printf("Enter last name and mark: "); scanf("%s %f", newStudent.lastname, &(newStudent.mark) ); return newStudent; } int main() { Student studentA; studentA = readRecord(StudentA); return 0; } Version 2

12. 12 Passing a struct Pointer Pass a pointer to the struct variable instead! lastname: mark: studentA: studentPtr:

13. 13 void readRecord ( Student *studentPtr ) { /* De-reference pointer here. */ } int main() { Student studentA; readRecord( &(studentA) ); return 0; } Passing a struct Pointer lastname: mark: studentA: studentPtr: lastname:

14. 14 To de-reference a pointer to a struct variable: Style 1: Use the * operator void readRecord ( Student *studentPtr ) { printf("Enter last name and mark: "); scanf("%s %f", (* studentPtr ).lastname, & ( (* studentPtr ).mark) ); } marks4b.c Passing a struct Pointer studentPtr: mark: studentA: lastname:

15. 15 To de-reference a pointer to a struct variable: Style 2: Use the -> operator void readRecord ( Student *studentPtr ) { printf("Enter last name and mark: "); scanf("%s %f", studentPtr->lastname, &( studentPtr->mark)); } marks4b.c Passing a struct Pointer studentPtr: mark: studentA: lastname:

16. 16 Example: Pointers to Structs-1 #include #define MAXLEN 50 #define MAXN 20 struct StudentRec { char lastname[MAXLEN]; float mark; }; typedef struct StudentRec Student; void readRecord ( Student *studentPtr ) { printf("Enter last name and mark: "); scanf("%s %f", studentPtr->lastname, &(studentPtr->mark)); } void printRecord ( Student *item ) { printf("Last name: %s\n", (*item).lastname); printf(" Mark: %.1f\n\n", (*item).mark); } marks4c.c

17. 17 #include #define MAXLEN 50 #define MAXN 20 struct StudentRec { char lastname[MAXLEN]; float mark; }; typedef struct StudentRec Student; void readRecord ( Student *studentPtr ) { printf("Enter last name and mark: "); scanf("%s %f", studentPtr->lastname, &(studentPtr->mark) ); } void printRecord ( Student *item ) { printf("Last name: %s\n", (*item).lastname); printf(" Mark: %.1f\n\n", (*item).mark); } marks4c.c Example: Pointers to Structs-1 (cont)

18. 18 #include #define MAXLEN 50 #define MAXN 20 struct StudentRec { char lastname[MAXLEN]; float mark; }; typedef struct StudentRec Student; void readRecord ( Student *studentPtr ) { printf("Enter last name and mark: "); scanf("%s %f", studentPtr->lastname, &(studentPtr->mark) ); } void printRecord ( Student *item ) { printf("Last name: %s\n", (*item).lastname); printf(" Mark: %.1f\n\n", (*item).mark); } marks4c.c Example: Pointers to Structs-1 (cont)

19. 19 int main() { int count = 0; Student class[MAXN]; int i; printf("How many students? "); scanf("%d", &count); if (count > MAXN) { printf("Not enough space.\n"); exit(1); } for (i=0; i < count; i++) { readRecord( &(class[i]) ); } printf("\nClass list:\n\n"); for (i=0; i < count; i++) { printRecord( &(class[i]) ); } return 0; } marks4c.c Example: Pointers to Structs-2

20. 20 Structs within Structs A struct can be a member of another struct Example: –A student record contains the last name, mark (ID Number, first name, etc) –A class list is a collection of student records (number of students, subject code, etc) –A departmental database is a collection of class lists (department name, number of subjects, etc)

21. 21 Example: Student Record lastname: mark: struct StudentRec { char lastname[MAXLEN]; float mark; }; typedef struct StudentRec Student;

22. 22 Information required to maintain a class list Number of students in the class (<= MAXN) Subject code class: lastname: mark: lastname: mark: lastname: mark: Student class[MAXN]; Example: Class Record (cont)

23. 23 Information required to maintain a class list Number of students in the class (<= MAXN) Subject code char subjCode[MAXLEN]; int count; Student class[MAXN]; count : class : lastname: mark: lastname: mark: lastname: mark: subjCode : Example: Class Record (cont)

24. 24 struct ClassRec { char subjCode[MAXLEN]; int count; Student class[MAXN]; }; typedef struct ClassRec ClassList; Example: Class Record (cont) count: class: lastname: mark: lastname: mark: lastname: mark: subjCode: “Encapsulates” the data needed to maintain a class list

25. 25 ClassList subject[MAXSUBJ]; Example: Department Database subject:

26. 26 char deptName[MAXLEN]; int count; ClassList subject[MAXSUBJ]; Example: Department Database (cont) subject: deptName : count :

27. 27 Example: Department Database (cont) subject: deptName: count: struct DatabaseRec { char deptName[MAXLEN]; int count; ClassList subject[MAXSUBJ]; }; typedef struct DatabaseRec Database; “Encapsulates” the data needed to maintain a database

28. 28 Access to Struct Members subject: deptName: count: How do I put the mark 97.5 there? Database finalMarks; Suppose we declare a struct variable:

29. 29 Access to Struct Members (cont) finalMarks subject: deptName: count: finalMarks:

30. 30 Access to Struct Members (cont) finalMarks.subject[1] subject: deptName: count: finalMarks:

31. 31 Access to Struct Members (cont) finalMarks.subject[1].class[0] subject: deptName: count: finalMarks:

32. 32 Access to Struct Members (cont) finalMarks.subject[1].class[0].mark = 97.5; subject: deptName: count: finalMarks:

33. 33 Data Structures and System Design: Structure Charts A modular design makes handling of complex data structures easy A module handles operations on each data structure The level of the module in the structure chart should (more or less) correspond to the size of the data they handle

34. 34 Structure Charts A structure chart is a diagram consisting of rectangular boxes, which represent the modules, and connecting arrows A structure chart is a graphic tool that shows the hierarchy of program modules and interfaces between them Structure charts include annotations for data flowing between modules

35. 35 Example: Data and Modules Student Record ( Student ) Class Record ( ClassList ) Department Database ( Database ) readRecordprintRecord readListprintListinitList readDBaseprintDBaseinitDBase main

36. 36 Example: Data and Modules Student Record ( Student ) Class Record ( ClassList ) Department Database ( Database ) printRecord Student readRecord Student main

37. 37 Example: Data and Modules Student Record ( Student ) Class Record ( ClassList ) Department Database ( Database ) main printRecord Student printList ClassList readList ClassList initList ClassList readRecord Student

38. 38 Example: Data and Modules Student Record ( Student ) Class Record ( ClassList ) Department Database ( Database ) main printDBase Database readDBase Database initDBase Database printRecord Student printList ClassList readList ClassList initList ClassList readRecord Student

39. 39 Example: Modules for Student Record struct StudentRec { char lastname[MAXLEN]; float mark; }; typedef struct StudentRec Student; void readRecord ( Student *studentPtr ); void printRecord ( const Student *item ); dbase2a.c

40. 40 Example: Modules for Student Record (cont) void readRecord ( Student *studentPtr ) { printf("Enter last name and mark: "); scanf("%s %f", studentPtr->lastname, &(studentPtr->mark)); } void printRecord ( const Student *item ) { printf("Last name: %s\n", item->lastname); printf(" Mark: %.1f\n\n", item->mark); } dbase2a.c

41. 41 struct ClassRec { char subjCode[MAXLEN]; int count; }; typedef struct ClassRec ClassList; void initList ( ClassList *list ); void readList ( ClassList *list ); void printList ( const ClassList *list ); Example: Modules for Class Record dbase2b.c Student student[MAXN];

42. 42 void initList ( ClassList *list ) { printf("\nEnter subject code: "); scanf("%s", list->subjCode); printf("How many students? "); scanf("%d", &(list->count) ); if (list->count > MAXN) { printf("Not enough space.\n"); exit(1); } dbase2b.c Example: Modules for Class Record (cont)

43. 43 struct DatabaseRec { char deptName[MAXLEN]; int count; }; typedef struct DatabaseRec Database; void initDBase ( Database *dbase ); void readDBase ( Database *dbase ); void printDBase ( const Database *dbase ); Example: Modules for Database dbase2c.c ClassList subject[MAXSUBJ};

44. 44 void initDBase ( Database *dbase ) { printf("\nEnter department or faculty code: "); scanf("%s", dbase->deptName); printf("How many subjects? "); scanf("%d", &(dbase->count) ); if (dbase->count > MAXSUBJ) { printf("Not enough space.\n"); exit(1); } Example: Modules for Database (cont) dbase2c.c

45. 45 Example: Modules for Database (cont) void printDBase ( const Database *dbase ) { int i; printf("\nDEPARTMENT/FACULTY CODE: %s\n", dbase->deptName); for ( i=0; i count; i++ ) { } dbase2c.c printList(&(dbase->subject[i])); void readDBase ( Database *dbase ) { int i; for ( i=0; i count; i++ ) { } initList(&(dbase->subject[i])); readList(&(dbase->subject[i]));

46. 46 #include #define MAXLEN 50 #define MAXN 100 #define MAXSUBJ 5 #include "dbase2a.c" #include "dbase2b.c" #include "dbase2c.c" int main() { Database finalMarks; return 0; } Example: Test Main Program dbase2.c initDBase(&finalMarks); readDBase(&finalMarks); printDBase(&finalMarks);

47. 47 Example: Change definition of student record which modules/files do I need to modify in order to use student ID instead of last name? main printDBase Database readDBase Database initDBase Database printRecord Student printList ClassList readList ClassList initList ClassList readRecord Student

48. 48 Example: Change definition of student record (cont) struct StudentRec { long IDNumber; float mark; }; typedef struct StudentRec Student; void readRecord ( Student *studentPtr ); void printRecord ( const Student *item ); void readRecord ( Student *studentPtr ) { printf("Enter ID Number and mark: "); scanf(”%ld %f", &(studentPtr->IDNumber), &(studentPtr->mark)); } void printRecord ( const Student *item ) { printf(”ID Number: %ld\n", item->IDNumber); printf(" Mark: %.1f\n\n", item->mark); } dbase1a.c

49. 49 Documentation of Structs Data documentation, like function documentation, is very important Can determine a team’s success in completing a large software project Should include information on: –assumptions and limitations –operations and corresponding modules –correct usage

50. 50 /***********************************************************\ * DATA: * Database * * DESCRIPTION: * A database is a collection of class lists for subjects * conducted by a school or department. * * USAGE: * A database variable can store class lists for up to * MAXSUBJ subjects. The member ‘count’ keeps track of * the number of class lists in the database. * * A data of this type needs to be initialized using the * function initDBase() before use. The member `count' * has to be initialized to a valid value. * * Use the function readDBase() to initialize and read * data into each class list. Use the function printDBase() * to print the content of the entire database. * \***********************************************************/ Example: Data documentation